7 Network Working Group K. Zeilenga, Ed.
8 Request for Comments: 3866 OpenLDAP Foundation
9 Obsoletes: 2596 July 2004
10 Category: Standards Track
13 Language Tags and Ranges in the
14 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
18 This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
19 Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
20 improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
21 Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
22 and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
26 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004).
30 It is often desirable to be able to indicate the natural language
31 associated with values held in a directory and to be able to query
32 the directory for values which fulfill the user's language needs.
33 This document details the use of Language Tags and Ranges in the
34 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
36 1. Background and Intended Use
38 The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) [RFC3377] provides a
39 means for clients to interrogate and modify information stored in a
40 distributed directory system. The information in the directory is
41 maintained as attributes of entries. Most of these attributes have
42 syntaxes which are human-readable strings, and it is desirable to be
43 able to indicate the natural language associated with attribute
46 This document describes how language tags and ranges [RFC3066] are
47 carried in LDAP and are to be interpreted by LDAP implementations.
48 All LDAP implementations MUST be prepared to accept language tags and
51 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
52 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
53 document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119].
58 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 1]
60 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
63 This document replaces RFC 2596. Appendix A summaries changes made
66 Appendix B discusses differences from X.500(1997) "contexts"
69 Appendix A and B are provided for informational purposes only.
71 The remainder of this section provides a summary of Language Tags,
72 Language Ranges, and Attribute Descriptions.
76 Section 2 of BCP 47 [RFC3066] describes the language tag format which
77 is used in LDAP. Briefly, it is a string of [ASCII] letters and
78 hyphens. Examples include "fr", "en-US" and "ja-JP". Language tags
79 are case insensitive. That is, the language tag "en-us" is the same
82 Section 2 of this document details use of language tags in LDAP.
86 Section 2.5 of BCP 47 [RFC3066] describes the language ranges.
87 Language ranges are used to specify sets of language tags.
89 A language range matches a language tag if it is exactly equal to the
90 tag, or if it is exactly equal to a prefix of the tag such that the
91 first character following the prefix is "-". That is, the language
92 range "de" matches the language tags "de" and "de-CH" but not "den".
93 The special language range "*" matches all language tags.
95 Due to attribute description option naming restrictions in LDAP, this
96 document defines a different language range syntax. However, the
97 semantics of language ranges in LDAP are consistent with BCP 47.
99 Section 3 of this document details use of language ranges in LDAP.
101 1.3. Attribute Descriptions
103 This section provides an overview of attribute descriptions in LDAP.
104 LDAP attributes and attribute descriptions are defined in [RFC2251].
106 An attribute consists of a type, a set of zero or more associated
107 tagging options, and a set of one or more values. The type and the
108 options are combined into the AttributeDescription.
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116 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
119 AttributeDescriptions can also contain options which are not part of
120 the attribute, but indicate some other function (such as range
121 assertion or transfer encoding).
123 An AttributeDescription with one or more tagging options is a direct
124 subtype of each AttributeDescription of the same type with all but
125 one of the tagging options. If the AttributeDescription's type is a
126 direct subtype of some other type, then the AttributeDescription is
127 also a direct subtype of the AttributeDescription which consists of
128 the supertype and all of the tagging options. That is,
129 "CN;x-bar;x-foo" is a direct subtype of "CN;x-bar", "CN;x-foo", and
130 "name;x-bar;x-foo". Note that "CN" is a subtype of "name".
132 2. Use of Language Tags in LDAP
134 This section describes how LDAP implementations MUST interpret
135 language tags in performing operations.
137 Servers which support storing attributes with language tag options in
138 the Directory Information Tree (DIT) SHOULD allow any attribute type
139 it recognizes that has the Directory String, IA5 String, or other
140 textual string syntaxes to have language tag options associated with
141 it. Servers MAY allow language options to be associated with other
144 Clients SHOULD NOT assume servers are capable of storing attributes
145 with language tags in the directory.
147 Implementations MUST NOT otherwise interpret the structure of the tag
148 when comparing two tags, and MUST treat them simply as strings of
149 characters. Implementations MUST allow any arbitrary string which
150 conforms to the syntax defined in BCP 47 [RFC3066] to be used as a
153 2.1. Language Tag Options
155 A language tag option associates a natural language with values of an
156 attribute. An attribute description may contain multiple language
157 tag options. An entry may contain multiple attributes with same
158 attribute type but different combinations of language tag (and other)
161 A language tag option conforms to the following ABNF [RFC2234]:
163 language-tag-option = "lang-" Language-Tag
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172 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
175 where the Language-Tag production is as defined in BCP 47 [RFC3066].
176 This production and those it imports from [RFC2234] are provided here
179 Language-Tag = Primary-subtag *( "-" Subtag )
181 Primary-subtag = 1*8ALPHA
183 Subtag = 1*8(ALPHA / DIGIT)
185 ALPHA = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z
187 DIGIT = %x30-39 ; 0-9
189 A language tag option is a tagging option. A language tag option has
190 no effect on the syntax of the attribute's values nor their transfer
193 Examples of valid AttributeDescription:
197 SN;lang-de;lang-gem-PFL
198 O;lang-i-klingon;x-foobar
202 Notes: The last two have no language tag options. The x-foobar
203 option is fictious and used for example purposes.
207 If language tag options are present in an AttributeDescription in an
208 assertion, then for each entry within scope, the values of each
209 attribute whose AttributeDescription consists of the same attribute
210 type or its subtypes and contains each of the presented (and possibly
211 other) options is to be matched.
213 Thus, for example, a filter of an equality match of type
214 "name;lang-en-US" and assertion value "Billy Ray", against the
215 following directory entry:
217 dn: SN=Ray,DC=example,DC=com
218 objectClass: person DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
219 objectClass: extensibleObject DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
220 name;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
221 name;lang-en-US: Billy Bob DOES NOT MATCH (wrong value)
222 CN;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
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228 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
231 CN;lang-en-US;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
232 CN;lang-en;x-foobar: Billy Ray DOES NOT MATCH (differing lang-)
233 CN;x-foobar: Billy Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-)
234 name: Billy Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-)
235 SN;lang-en-GB;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
236 SN: Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-,
239 Note that "CN" and "SN" are subtypes of "name".
241 It is noted that providing a language tag option in a search filter
242 AttributeDescription will filter out desirable values where the tag
243 does not match exactly. For example, the filter (name;lang-en=Billy
244 Ray) does NOT match the attribute "name;lang-en-US: Billy Ray".
246 If the server does not support storing attributes with language tag
247 options in the DIT, then any assertion which includes a language tag
248 option will not match as such it is an unrecognized attribute type.
249 No error would be returned because of this; a presence assertion
250 would evaluate to FALSE and all other assertions to Undefined.
252 If no options are specified in the assertion, then only the base
253 attribute type and the assertion value need match the value in the
256 Thus, for example, a filter of an equality match of type "name" and
257 assertion value "Billy Ray", against the following directory entry:
259 dn: SN=Ray,DC=example,DC=com
260 objectClass: person DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
261 objectClass: extensibleObject DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
262 name;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
263 name;lang-en-US: Billy Bob DOES NOT MATCH (wrong value)
264 CN;lang-en-US;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
265 CN;lang-en;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
266 CN;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
267 name: Billy Ray MATCHES
268 SN;lang-en-GB;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
269 SN: Ray DOES NOT MATCH (wrong value)
271 2.3. Requested Attributes in Search
273 Clients can provide language tag options in each AttributeDescription
274 in the requested attribute list in a search request.
276 If language tag options are provided in an attribute description,
277 then only attributes in a directory entry whose attribute
278 descriptions have the same attribute type or its subtype and contains
282 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 5]
284 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
287 each of the presented (and possibly other) language tag options are
288 to be returned. Thus if a client requests just the attribute
289 "name;lang-en", the server would return "name;lang-en" and
290 "CN;lang-en;lang-ja" but not "SN" nor "name;lang-fr".
292 Clients can provide in the attribute list multiple
293 AttributeDescriptions which have the same base attribute type but
294 different options. For example, a client could provide both
295 "name;lang-en" and "name;lang-fr", and this would permit an attribute
296 with either language tag option to be returned. Note there would be
297 no need to provide both "name" and "name;lang-en" since all subtypes
298 of name would match "name".
300 If a server does not support storing attributes with language tag
301 options in the DIT, then any attribute descriptions in the list which
302 include language tag options are to be ignored, just as if they were
303 unknown attribute types.
305 If a request is made specifying all attributes or an attribute is
306 requested without providing a language tag option, then all attribute
307 values regardless of their language tag option are returned.
309 For example, if the client requests a "description" attribute, and a
310 matching entry contains the following attributes:
313 objectClass: organization
315 description: software products
316 description;lang-en: software products
317 description;lang-de: Softwareprodukte
319 The server would return:
321 description: software products
322 description;lang-en: software products
323 description;lang-de: Softwareprodukte
327 Language tag options can be present in an AttributeDescription used
328 in a compare request AttributeValueAssertion. This is to be treated
329 by servers the same as the use of language tag options in a search
330 filter with an equality match, as described in Section 2.2. If there
331 is no attribute in the entry with the same attribute type or its
332 subtype and contains each of the presented (or possibly other)
333 language tag options, the noSuchAttributeType error will be returned.
338 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 6]
340 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
343 Thus, for example, a compare request of type "name" and assertion
344 value "Johann", against an entry containing the following attributes:
348 givenName;lang-de-DE: Johann
352 would cause the server to return compareTrue.
354 However, if the client issued a compare request of type
355 "name;lang-de" and assertion value "Johann" against the above entry,
356 the request would fail with the noSuchAttributeType error.
358 If the server does not support storing attributes with language tag
359 options in the DIT, then any comparison which includes a language tag
360 option will always fail to locate an attribute, and
361 noSuchAttributeType will be returned.
365 Clients can provide language options in AttributeDescription in
366 attributes of a new entry to be created.
368 A client can provide multiple attributes with the same attribute type
369 and value, so long as each attribute has a different set of language
372 For example, the following is a valid request:
374 dn: CN=John Smith,DC=example,DC=com
375 objectClass: residentialPerson
377 CN;lang-en: John Smith
380 streetAddress: 1 University Street
381 streetAddress;lang-en-US: 1 University Street
382 streetAddress;lang-fr: 1 rue Universite
383 houseIdentifier;lang-fr: 9e etage
385 If a server does not support storing language tag options with
386 attribute values in the DIT, then it MUST treat an
387 AttributeDescription with a language tag option as an unrecognized
388 attribute. If the server forbids the addition of unrecognized
389 attributes then it MUST fail the add request with an appropriate
394 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 7]
396 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
399 2.6. Modify Operation
401 A client can provide language tag options in an AttributeDescription
402 as part of a modification element in the modify operation.
404 Attribute types and language tag options MUST match exactly against
405 values stored in the directory. For example, if the modification is
406 a "delete", then if the stored values to be deleted have language tag
407 options, then those language tag options MUST be provided in the
408 modify operation, and if the stored values to be deleted do not have
409 any language tag option, then no language tag option is to be
412 If the server does not support storing language tag options with
413 attribute values in the DIT, then it MUST treat an
414 AttributeDescription with a language tag option as an unrecognized
415 attribute, and MUST fail the request with an appropriate result code.
417 3. Use of Language Ranges in LDAP
419 Since the publication of RFC 2596, it has become apparent that there
420 is a need to provide a mechanism for a client to request attributes
421 based upon set of language tag options whose tags all begin with the
422 same sequence of language sub-tags.
424 AttributeDescriptions containing language range options are intended
425 to be used in attribute value assertions, search attribute lists, and
426 other places where the client desires to provide an attribute
427 description matching of a range of language tags associated with
430 A language range option conforms to the following ABNF [RFC2234]:
432 language-range-option = "lang-" [ Language-Tag "-" ]
434 where the Language-Tag production is as defined in BCP 47 [RFC3066].
435 This production and those it imports from [RFC2234] are provided in
436 Section 2.1 for convenience.
438 A language range option matches a language tag option if the language
439 range option less the trailing "-" matches exactly the language tag
440 or if the language range option (including the trailing "-") matches
441 a prefix of the language tag option. Note that the language range
442 option "lang-" matches all language tag options.
450 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 8]
452 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
455 Examples of valid AttributeDescription containing language range
460 SN;lang-de-;lang-gem-
463 A language range option is not a tagging option. Attributes cannot
464 be stored with language range options. Any attempt to add or update
465 an attribute description with a language range option SHALL be
466 treated as an undefined attribute type and result in an error.
468 A language range option has no effect on the transfer encoding nor on
469 the syntax of the attribute values.
471 Servers SHOULD support assertion of language ranges for any attribute
472 type which they allow to be stored with language tags.
476 If a language range option is present in an AttributeDescription in
477 an assertion, then for each entry within scope, the values of each
478 attribute whose AttributeDescription consists of the same attribute
479 type or its subtypes and contains a language tag option matching the
480 language range option are to be returned.
482 Thus, for example, a filter of an equality match of type
483 "name;lang-en-" and assertion value "Billy Ray", against the
484 following directory entry:
486 dn: SN=Ray,DC=example,DC=com
487 objectClass: person DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
488 objectClass: extensibleObject DOES NOT MATCH (wrong type)
489 name;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
490 name;lang-en-US: Billy Bob DOES NOT MATCH (wrong value)
491 CN;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
492 CN;lang-en-US;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
493 CN;lang-en;x-foobar: Billy Ray MATCHES
494 CN;x-foobar: Billy Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-)
495 name: Billy Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-)
496 SN;lang-en-GB;lang-en-US: Billy Ray MATCHES
497 SN: Ray DOES NOT MATCH (no lang-,
500 Note that "CN" and "SN" are subtypes of "name".
506 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 9]
508 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
511 If the server does not support storing attributes with language tag
512 options in the DIT, then any assertion which includes a language
513 range option will not match as it is an unrecognized attribute type.
514 No error would be returned because of this; a presence filter would
515 evaluate to FALSE and all other assertions to Undefined.
517 3.2. Requested Attributes in Search
519 Clients can provide language range options in each
520 AttributeDescription in the requested attribute list in a search
523 If a language range option is provided in an attribute description,
524 then only attributes in a directory entry whose attribute
525 descriptions have the same attribute type or its subtype and a
526 language tag option matching the provided language range option are
527 to be returned. Thus if a client requests just the attribute
528 "name;lang-en-", the server would return "name;lang-en-US" and
529 "CN;lang-en;lang-ja" but not "SN" nor "name;lang-fr".
531 Clients can provide in the attribute list multiple
532 AttributeDescriptions which have the same base attribute type but
533 different options. For example a client could provide both
534 "name;lang-en-" and "name;lang-fr-", and this would permit an
535 attribute whose type was name or subtype of name and with a language
536 tag option matching either language range option to be returned.
538 If a server does not support storing attributes with language tag
539 options in the DIT, then any attribute descriptions in the list which
540 include language range options are to be ignored, just as if they
541 were unknown attribute types.
545 Language range options can be present in an AttributeDescription used
546 in a compare request AttributeValueAssertion. This is to be treated
547 by servers the same as the use of language range options in a search
548 filter with an equality match, as described in Section 3.1. If there
549 is no attribute in the entry with the same subtype and a matching
550 language tag option, the noSuchAttributeType error will be returned.
552 Thus, for example, a compare request of type "name;lang-" and
553 assertion value "Johann", against the entry with the following
562 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 10]
564 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
569 givenName;lang-de-DE: Johann
573 will cause the server to return compareTrue. (Note that the language
574 range option "lang-" matches any language tag option.)
576 However, if the client issued a compare request of type
577 "name;lang-de" and assertion value "Sibelius" against the above
578 entry, the request would fail with the noSuchAttributeType error.
580 If the server does not support storing attributes with language tag
581 options in the DIT, then any comparison which includes a language
582 range option will always fail to locate an attribute, and
583 noSuchAttributeType will be returned.
585 4. Discovering Language Option Support
587 A server SHOULD indicate that it supports storing attributes with
588 language tag options in the DIT by publishing 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.5.4
589 as a value of the root DSE.
591 A server SHOULD indicate that it supports language range matching of
592 attributes with language tag options stored in the DIT by publishing
593 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.5.5 as a value of the "supportedFeatures"
594 [RFC3674] attribute in the root DSE.
596 A server MAY restrict use of language tag options to a subset of the
597 attribute types it recognizes. This document does not define a
598 mechanism for determining which subset of attribute types can be used
599 with language tag options.
601 5. Interoperability with Non-supporting Implementations
603 Implementators of this specification should take care that their use
604 of language tag options does not impede proper function of
605 implementations which do not support language tags.
607 Per RFC 2251, "an AttributeDescription with one or more options is
608 treated as a subtype of the attribute type without any options." A
609 non-supporting server will treat an AttributeDescription with any
610 language tag options as an unrecognized attribute type. A non-
611 supporting client will either do the same, or will treat the
612 AttributeDescription as it would any other unknown subtype.
613 Typically, non-supporting clients simply ignore unrecognized subtypes
614 (and unrecognized attribute types) of attributes they request.
618 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 11]
620 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
623 To ensure proper function of non-supporting clients, supporting
624 clients SHOULD ensure that entries they populate with tagged values
625 are also populated with non-tagged values.
627 Additionally, supporting clients SHOULD be prepared to handle entries
628 which are not populated with tagged values.
630 6. Security Considerations
632 Language tags and range options are used solely to indicate the
633 native language of values and in querying the directory for values
634 which fulfill the user's language needed. These options are not
635 known to raise specific security considerations. However, the reader
636 should consider general directory security issues detailed in the
637 LDAP technical specification [RFC3377].
639 7. IANA Considerations
641 Registration of these protocol mechanisms [RFC3383] has been
642 completed by the IANA.
644 Subject: Request for LDAP Protocol Mechanism Registration
645 Object Identifier: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.5.4
646 Description: Language Tag Options
647 Object Identifier: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.1.5.5
648 Description: Language Range Options
649 Person & email address to contact for further information:
650 Kurt Zeilenga <kurt@openldap.org>
652 Specification: RFC 3866
653 Author/Change Controller: IESG
656 These OIDs were assigned [ASSIGN] by OpenLDAP Foundation, under its
657 IANA-assigned private enterprise allocation [PRIVATE], for use in
662 This document is a revision of RFC 2596 by Mark Wahl and Tim Howes.
663 RFC 2596 was a product of the IETF ASID and LDAPEXT working groups.
664 This document also borrows from a number of IETF documents including
665 BCP 47 by H. Alvestrand.
674 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 12]
676 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
681 9.1. Normative References
683 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
684 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
686 [RFC2234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
687 Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
689 [RFC2251] Wahl, M., Howes, T. and S. Kille, "Lightweight
690 Directory Access Protocol (v3)", RFC 2251, December
693 [RFC3066] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
694 Languages", BCP 47, RFC 3066, January 2001.
696 [RFC3377] Hodges, J. and R. Morgan, "Lightweight Directory Access
697 Protocol (v3): Technical Specification", RFC 3377,
700 [RFC3674] Zeilenga, K., "Feature Discovery in Lightweight
701 Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)", RFC 3674, December
704 [ASCII] Coded Character Set--7-bit American Standard Code for
705 Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986.
707 9.2. Informative References
709 [X.501] International Telecommunication Union -
710 Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "The
711 Directory -- Models," X.501(1997).
713 [RFC3383] Zeilenga, K., "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
714 (IANA) Considerations for Lightweight Directory Access
715 Protocol (LDAP)", BCP 64, RFC 3383, September 2002.
717 [ASSIGN] OpenLDAP Foundation, "OpenLDAP OID Delegations",
718 http://www.openldap.org/foundation/oid-delegate.txt.
720 [PRIVATE] IANA, "Private Enterprise Numbers",
721 http://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers.
730 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 13]
732 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
735 Appendix A. Differences from RFC 2596
737 This document adds support for language ranges, provides a mechanism
738 that a client can use to discover whether a server supports language
739 tags and ranges, and clarifies how attributes with multiple language
740 tags are to be treated. This document is a significant rewrite of
743 Appendix B. Differences from X.500(1997)
745 X.500(1997) [X.501] defines a different mechanism, contexts, as the
746 means of representing language tags (codes). This section summarizes
747 the major differences in approach.
749 a) An X.500 operation which has specified a language code on a value
750 matches a value in the directory without a language code.
752 b) LDAP references BCP 47 [RFC3066], which allows for IANA
753 registration of new tags as well as unregistered tags.
755 c) LDAP supports language ranges (new in this revision).
757 d) LDAP does not allow language tags (and ranges) in distinguished
760 e) X.500 describes subschema administration procedures to allow
761 language codes to be associated with particular attributes types.
768 EMail: Kurt@OpenLDAP.org
786 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 14]
788 RFC 3866 Language Tags and Ranges in LDAP July 2004
791 Full Copyright Statement
793 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is subject
794 to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
795 except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
797 This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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799 OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
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842 Zeilenga Standards Track [Page 15]