[openldap] / libraries / liblmdb / lmdb.h

/** @file lmdb.h
 *      @brief Lightning memory-mapped database library
 *
 *      @mainpage       Lightning Memory-Mapped Database Manager (LMDB)
 *
 *      @section intro_sec Introduction
 *      LMDB is a Btree-based database management library modeled loosely on the
 *      BerkeleyDB API, but much simplified. The entire database is exposed
 *      in a memory map, and all data fetches return data directly
 *      from the mapped memory, so no malloc's or memcpy's occur during
 *      data fetches. As such, the library is extremely simple because it
 *      requires no page caching layer of its own, and it is extremely high
 *      performance and memory-efficient. It is also fully transactional with
 *      full ACID semantics, and when the memory map is read-only, the
 *      database integrity cannot be corrupted by stray pointer writes from
 *      application code.
 *
 *      The library is fully thread-aware and supports concurrent read/write
 *      access from multiple processes and threads. Data pages use a copy-on-
 *      write strategy so no active data pages are ever overwritten, which
 *      also provides resistance to corruption and eliminates the need of any
 *      special recovery procedures after a system crash. Writes are fully
 *      serialized; only one write transaction may be active at a time, which
 *      guarantees that writers can never deadlock. The database structure is
 *      multi-versioned so readers run with no locks; writers cannot block
 *      readers, and readers don't block writers.
 *
 *      Unlike other well-known database mechanisms which use either write-ahead
 *      transaction logs or append-only data writes, LMDB requires no maintenance
 *      during operation. Both write-ahead loggers and append-only databases
 *      require periodic checkpointing and/or compaction of their log or database
 *      files otherwise they grow without bound. LMDB tracks free pages within
 *      the database and re-uses them for new write operations, so the database
 *      size does not grow without bound in normal use.
 *
 *      The memory map can be used as a read-only or read-write map. It is
 *      read-only by default as this provides total immunity to corruption.
 *      Using read-write mode offers much higher write performance, but adds
 *      the possibility for stray application writes thru pointers to silently
 *      corrupt the database. Of course if your application code is known to
 *      be bug-free (...) then this is not an issue.
 *
 *      @section caveats_sec Caveats
 *      Troubleshooting the lock file, plus semaphores on BSD systems:
 *
 *      - A broken lockfile can cause sync issues.
 *        Stale reader transactions left behind by an aborted program
 *        cause further writes to grow the database quickly, and
 *        stale locks can block further operation.
 *
 *        Fix: Check for stale readers periodically, using the
 *        #mdb_reader_check function or the \ref mdb_stat_1 "mdb_stat" tool.
 *        Stale writers will be cleared automatically on most systems:
 *        - Windows - automatic
 *        - BSD, systems using SysV semaphores - automatic
 *        - Linux, systems using POSIX mutexes with Robust option - automatic
 *        Otherwise just make all programs using the database close it;
 *        the lockfile is always reset on first open of the environment.
 *
 *      - On BSD systems or others configured with MDB_USE_SYSV_SEM or
 *        MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM,
 *        startup can fail due to semaphores owned by another userid.
 *
 *        Fix: Open and close the database as the user which owns the
 *        semaphores (likely last user) or as root, while no other
 *        process is using the database.
 *
 *      Restrictions/caveats (in addition to those listed for some functions):
 *
 *      - Only the database owner should normally use the database on
 *        BSD systems or when otherwise configured with MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM.
 *        Multiple users can cause startup to fail later, as noted above.
 *
 *      - There is normally no pure read-only mode, since readers need write
 *        access to locks and lock file. Exceptions: On read-only filesystems
 *        or with the #MDB_NOLOCK flag described under #mdb_env_open().
 *
 *      - By default, in versions before 0.9.10, unused portions of the data
 *        file might receive garbage data from memory freed by other code.
 *        (This does not happen when using the #MDB_WRITEMAP flag.) As of
 *        0.9.10 the default behavior is to initialize such memory before
 *        writing to the data file. Since there may be a slight performance
 *        cost due to this initialization, applications may disable it using
 *        the #MDB_NOMEMINIT flag. Applications handling sensitive data
 *        which must not be written should not use this flag. This flag is
 *        irrelevant when using #MDB_WRITEMAP.
 *
 *      - A thread can only use one transaction at a time, plus any child
 *        transactions.  Each transaction belongs to one thread.  See below.
 *        The #MDB_NOTLS flag changes this for read-only transactions.
 *
 *      - Use an MDB_env* in the process which opened it, without fork()ing.
 *
 *      - Do not have open an LMDB database twice in the same process at
 *        the same time.  Not even from a plain open() call - close()ing it
 *        breaks flock() advisory locking.
 *
 *      - Avoid long-lived transactions.  Read transactions prevent
 *        reuse of pages freed by newer write transactions, thus the
 *        database can grow quickly.  Write transactions prevent
 *        other write transactions, since writes are serialized.
 *
 *      - Avoid suspending a process with active transactions.  These
 *        would then be "long-lived" as above.  Also read transactions
 *        suspended when writers commit could sometimes see wrong data.
 *
 *      ...when several processes can use a database concurrently:
 *
 *      - Avoid aborting a process with an active transaction.
 *        The transaction becomes "long-lived" as above until a check
 *        for stale readers is performed or the lockfile is reset,
 *        since the process may not remove it from the lockfile.
 *
 *        This does not apply to write transactions if the system clears
 *        stale writers, see above.
 *
 *      - If you do that anyway, do a periodic check for stale readers. Or
 *        close the environment once in a while, so the lockfile can get reset.
 *
 *      - Do not use LMDB databases on remote filesystems, even between
 *        processes on the same host.  This breaks flock() on some OSes,
 *        possibly memory map sync, and certainly sync between programs
 *        on different hosts.
 *
 *      - Opening a database can fail if another process is opening or
 *        closing it at exactly the same time.
 *
 *      @author Howard Chu, Symas Corporation.
 *
 *      @copyright Copyright 2011-2015 Howard Chu, Symas Corp. All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
 * Public License.
 *
 * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
 * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
 * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
 *
 *      @par Derived From:
 * This code is derived from btree.c written by Martin Hedenfalk.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Martin Hedenfalk <martin@bzero.se>
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
 * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
 * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
 * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
 * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
 * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
 * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
 * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 */
#ifndef _LMDB_H_
#define _LMDB_H_

#include <sys/types.h>

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/** Unix permissions for creating files, or dummy definition for Windows */
#ifdef _MSC_VER
typedef int     mdb_mode_t;
#else
typedef mode_t  mdb_mode_t;
#endif

/** An abstraction for a file handle.
 *      On POSIX systems file handles are small integers. On Windows
 *      they're opaque pointers.
 */
#ifdef _WIN32
typedef void *mdb_filehandle_t;
#else
typedef int mdb_filehandle_t;
#endif

/** @defgroup mdb LMDB API
 *      @{
 *      @brief OpenLDAP Lightning Memory-Mapped Database Manager
 */
/** @defgroup Version Version Macros
 *      @{
 */
/** Library major version */
#define MDB_VERSION_MAJOR       0
/** Library minor version */
#define MDB_VERSION_MINOR       9
/** Library patch version */
#define MDB_VERSION_PATCH       15

/** Combine args a,b,c into a single integer for easy version comparisons */
#define MDB_VERINT(a,b,c)       (((a) << 24) | ((b) << 16) | (c))

/** The full library version as a single integer */
#define MDB_VERSION_FULL        \
        MDB_VERINT(MDB_VERSION_MAJOR,MDB_VERSION_MINOR,MDB_VERSION_PATCH)

/** The release date of this library version */
#define MDB_VERSION_DATE        "June 19, 2015"

/** A stringifier for the version info */
#define MDB_VERSTR(a,b,c,d)     "LMDB " #a "." #b "." #c ": (" d ")"

/** A helper for the stringifier macro */
#define MDB_VERFOO(a,b,c,d)     MDB_VERSTR(a,b,c,d)

/** The full library version as a C string */
#define MDB_VERSION_STRING      \
        MDB_VERFOO(MDB_VERSION_MAJOR,MDB_VERSION_MINOR,MDB_VERSION_PATCH,MDB_VERSION_DATE)
/**     @} */

/** @brief Opaque structure for a database environment.
 *
 * A DB environment supports multiple databases, all residing in the same
 * shared-memory map.
 */
typedef struct MDB_env MDB_env;

/** @brief Opaque structure for a transaction handle.
 *
 * All database operations require a transaction handle. Transactions may be
 * read-only or read-write.
 */
typedef struct MDB_txn MDB_txn;

/** @brief A handle for an individual database in the DB environment. */
typedef unsigned int    MDB_dbi;

/** @brief Opaque structure for navigating through a database */
typedef struct MDB_cursor MDB_cursor;

/** @brief Generic structure used for passing keys and data in and out
 * of the database.
 *
 * Values returned from the database are valid only until a subsequent
 * update operation, or the end of the transaction. Do not modify or
 * free them, they commonly point into the database itself.
 *
 * Key sizes must be between 1 and #mdb_env_get_maxkeysize() inclusive.
 * The same applies to data sizes in databases with the #MDB_DUPSORT flag.
 * Other data items can in theory be from 0 to 0xffffffff bytes long.
 */
typedef struct MDB_val {
        size_t           mv_size;       /**< size of the data item */
        void            *mv_data;       /**< address of the data item */
} MDB_val;

/** @brief A callback function used to compare two keys in a database */
typedef int  (MDB_cmp_func)(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);

/** @brief A callback function used to relocate a position-dependent data item
 * in a fixed-address database.
 *
 * The \b newptr gives the item's desired address in
 * the memory map, and \b oldptr gives its previous address. The item's actual
 * data resides at the address in \b item.  This callback is expected to walk
 * through the fields of the record in \b item and modify any
 * values based at the \b oldptr address to be relative to the \b newptr address.
 * @param[in,out] item The item that is to be relocated.
 * @param[in] oldptr The previous address.
 * @param[in] newptr The new address to relocate to.
 * @param[in] relctx An application-provided context, set by #mdb_set_relctx().
 * @todo This feature is currently unimplemented.
 */
typedef void (MDB_rel_func)(MDB_val *item, void *oldptr, void *newptr, void *relctx);

/** @defgroup   mdb_env Environment Flags
 *      @{
 */
        /** mmap at a fixed address (experimental) */
#define MDB_FIXEDMAP    0x01
        /** no environment directory */
#define MDB_NOSUBDIR    0x4000
        /** don't fsync after commit */
#define MDB_NOSYNC              0x10000
        /** read only */
#define MDB_RDONLY              0x20000
        /** don't fsync metapage after commit */
#define MDB_NOMETASYNC          0x40000
        /** use writable mmap */
#define MDB_WRITEMAP            0x80000
        /** use asynchronous msync when #MDB_WRITEMAP is used */
#define MDB_MAPASYNC            0x100000
        /** tie reader locktable slots to #MDB_txn objects instead of to threads */
#define MDB_NOTLS               0x200000
        /** don't do any locking, caller must manage their own locks */
#define MDB_NOLOCK              0x400000
        /** don't do readahead (no effect on Windows) */
#define MDB_NORDAHEAD   0x800000
        /** don't initialize malloc'd memory before writing to datafile */
#define MDB_NOMEMINIT   0x1000000
/** @} */

/**     @defgroup       mdb_dbi_open    Database Flags
 *      @{
 */
        /** use reverse string keys */
#define MDB_REVERSEKEY  0x02
        /** use sorted duplicates */
#define MDB_DUPSORT             0x04
        /** numeric keys in native byte order: either unsigned int or size_t.
         *  The keys must all be of the same size. */
#define MDB_INTEGERKEY  0x08
        /** with #MDB_DUPSORT, sorted dup items have fixed size */
#define MDB_DUPFIXED    0x10
        /** with #MDB_DUPSORT, dups are #MDB_INTEGERKEY-style integers */
#define MDB_INTEGERDUP  0x20
        /** with #MDB_DUPSORT, use reverse string dups */
#define MDB_REVERSEDUP  0x40
        /** create DB if not already existing */
#define MDB_CREATE              0x40000
/** @} */

/**     @defgroup mdb_put       Write Flags
 *      @{
 */
/** For put: Don't write if the key already exists. */
#define MDB_NOOVERWRITE 0x10
/** Only for #MDB_DUPSORT<br>
 * For put: don't write if the key and data pair already exist.<br>
 * For mdb_cursor_del: remove all duplicate data items.
 */
#define MDB_NODUPDATA   0x20
/** For mdb_cursor_put: overwrite the current key/data pair */
#define MDB_CURRENT     0x40
/** For put: Just reserve space for data, don't copy it. Return a
 * pointer to the reserved space.
 */
#define MDB_RESERVE     0x10000
/** Data is being appended, don't split full pages. */
#define MDB_APPEND      0x20000
/** Duplicate data is being appended, don't split full pages. */
#define MDB_APPENDDUP   0x40000
/** Store multiple data items in one call. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED. */
#define MDB_MULTIPLE    0x80000
/*      @} */

/**     @defgroup mdb_copy      Copy Flags
 *      @{
 */
/** Compacting copy: Omit free space from copy, and renumber all
 * pages sequentially.
 */
#define MDB_CP_COMPACT  0x01
/*      @} */

/** @brief Cursor Get operations.
 *
 *      This is the set of all operations for retrieving data
 *      using a cursor.
 */
typedef enum MDB_cursor_op {
        MDB_FIRST,                              /**< Position at first key/data item */
        MDB_FIRST_DUP,                  /**< Position at first data item of current key.
                                                                Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_GET_BOTH,                   /**< Position at key/data pair. Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE,             /**< position at key, nearest data. Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_GET_CURRENT,                /**< Return key/data at current cursor position */
        MDB_GET_MULTIPLE,               /**< Return key and up to a page of duplicate data items
                                                                from current cursor position. Move cursor to prepare
                                                                for #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED */
        MDB_LAST,                               /**< Position at last key/data item */
        MDB_LAST_DUP,                   /**< Position at last data item of current key.
                                                                Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_NEXT,                               /**< Position at next data item */
        MDB_NEXT_DUP,                   /**< Position at next data item of current key.
                                                                Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE,              /**< Return key and up to a page of duplicate data items
                                                                from next cursor position. Move cursor to prepare
                                                                for #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED */
        MDB_NEXT_NODUP,                 /**< Position at first data item of next key */
        MDB_PREV,                               /**< Position at previous data item */
        MDB_PREV_DUP,                   /**< Position at previous data item of current key.
                                                                Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
        MDB_PREV_NODUP,                 /**< Position at last data item of previous key */
        MDB_SET,                                /**< Position at specified key */
        MDB_SET_KEY,                    /**< Position at specified key, return key + data */
        MDB_SET_RANGE                   /**< Position at first key greater than or equal to specified key. */
} MDB_cursor_op;

/** @defgroup  errors   Return Codes
 *
 *      BerkeleyDB uses -30800 to -30999, we'll go under them
 *      @{
 */
        /**     Successful result */
#define MDB_SUCCESS      0
        /** key/data pair already exists */
#define MDB_KEYEXIST    (-30799)
        /** key/data pair not found (EOF) */
#define MDB_NOTFOUND    (-30798)
        /** Requested page not found - this usually indicates corruption */
#define MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND       (-30797)
        /** Located page was wrong type */
#define MDB_CORRUPTED   (-30796)
        /** Update of meta page failed or environment had fatal error */
#define MDB_PANIC               (-30795)
        /** Environment version mismatch */
#define MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH    (-30794)
        /** File is not a valid LMDB file */
#define MDB_INVALID     (-30793)
        /** Environment mapsize reached */
#define MDB_MAP_FULL    (-30792)
        /** Environment maxdbs reached */
#define MDB_DBS_FULL    (-30791)
        /** Environment maxreaders reached */
#define MDB_READERS_FULL        (-30790)
        /** Too many TLS keys in use - Windows only */
#define MDB_TLS_FULL    (-30789)
        /** Txn has too many dirty pages */
#define MDB_TXN_FULL    (-30788)
        /** Cursor stack too deep - internal error */
#define MDB_CURSOR_FULL (-30787)
        /** Page has not enough space - internal error */
#define MDB_PAGE_FULL   (-30786)
        /** Database contents grew beyond environment mapsize */
#define MDB_MAP_RESIZED (-30785)
        /** Operation and DB incompatible, or DB type changed. This can mean:
         *      <ul>
         *      <li>The operation expects an #MDB_DUPSORT / #MDB_DUPFIXED database.
         *      <li>Opening a named DB when the unnamed DB has #MDB_DUPSORT / #MDB_INTEGERKEY.
         *      <li>Accessing a data record as a database, or vice versa.
         *      <li>The database was dropped and recreated with different flags.
         *      </ul>
         */
#define MDB_INCOMPATIBLE        (-30784)
        /** Invalid reuse of reader locktable slot */
#define MDB_BAD_RSLOT           (-30783)
        /** Transaction cannot recover - it must be aborted */
#define MDB_BAD_TXN                     (-30782)
        /** Unsupported size of key/DB name/data, or wrong DUPFIXED size */
#define MDB_BAD_VALSIZE         (-30781)
        /** The specified DBI was changed unexpectedly */
#define MDB_BAD_DBI             (-30780)
        /** The last defined error code */
#define MDB_LAST_ERRCODE        MDB_BAD_DBI
/** @} */

/** @brief Statistics for a database in the environment */
typedef struct MDB_stat {
        unsigned int    ms_psize;                       /**< Size of a database page.
                                                                                        This is currently the same for all databases. */
        unsigned int    ms_depth;                       /**< Depth (height) of the B-tree */
        size_t          ms_branch_pages;        /**< Number of internal (non-leaf) pages */
        size_t          ms_leaf_pages;          /**< Number of leaf pages */
        size_t          ms_overflow_pages;      /**< Number of overflow pages */
        size_t          ms_entries;                     /**< Number of data items */
} MDB_stat;

/** @brief Information about the environment */
typedef struct MDB_envinfo {
        void    *me_mapaddr;                    /**< Address of map, if fixed */
        size_t  me_mapsize;                             /**< Size of the data memory map */
        size_t  me_last_pgno;                   /**< ID of the last used page */
        size_t  me_last_txnid;                  /**< ID of the last committed transaction */
        unsigned int me_maxreaders;             /**< max reader slots in the environment */
        unsigned int me_numreaders;             /**< max reader slots used in the environment */
} MDB_envinfo;

        /** @brief Return the LMDB library version information.
         *
         * @param[out] major if non-NULL, the library major version number is copied here
         * @param[out] minor if non-NULL, the library minor version number is copied here
         * @param[out] patch if non-NULL, the library patch version number is copied here
         * @retval "version string" The library version as a string
         */
char *mdb_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch);

        /** @brief Return a string describing a given error code.
         *
         * This function is a superset of the ANSI C X3.159-1989 (ANSI C) strerror(3)
         * function. If the error code is greater than or equal to 0, then the string
         * returned by the system function strerror(3) is returned. If the error code
         * is less than 0, an error string corresponding to the LMDB library error is
         * returned. See @ref errors for a list of LMDB-specific error codes.
         * @param[in] err The error code
         * @retval "error message" The description of the error
         */
char *mdb_strerror(int err);

        /** @brief Create an LMDB environment handle.
         *
         * This function allocates memory for a #MDB_env structure. To release
         * the allocated memory and discard the handle, call #mdb_env_close().
         * Before the handle may be used, it must be opened using #mdb_env_open().
         * Various other options may also need to be set before opening the handle,
         * e.g. #mdb_env_set_mapsize(), #mdb_env_set_maxreaders(), #mdb_env_set_maxdbs(),
         * depending on usage requirements.
         * @param[out] env The address where the new handle will be stored
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_create(MDB_env **env);

        /** @brief Open an environment handle.
         *
         * If this function fails, #mdb_env_close() must be called to discard the #MDB_env handle.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] path The directory in which the database files reside. This
         * directory must already exist and be writable.
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this environment. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
         * values described here.
         * Flags set by mdb_env_set_flags() are also used.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_FIXEDMAP
         *      use a fixed address for the mmap region. This flag must be specified
         *      when creating the environment, and is stored persistently in the environment.
         *              If successful, the memory map will always reside at the same virtual address
         *              and pointers used to reference data items in the database will be constant
         *              across multiple invocations. This option may not always work, depending on
         *              how the operating system has allocated memory to shared libraries and other uses.
         *              The feature is highly experimental.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOSUBDIR
         *              By default, LMDB creates its environment in a directory whose
         *              pathname is given in \b path, and creates its data and lock files
         *              under that directory. With this option, \b path is used as-is for
         *              the database main data file. The database lock file is the \b path
         *              with "-lock" appended.
         *      <li>#MDB_RDONLY
         *              Open the environment in read-only mode. No write operations will be
         *              allowed. LMDB will still modify the lock file - except on read-only
         *              filesystems, where LMDB does not use locks.
         *      <li>#MDB_WRITEMAP
         *              Use a writeable memory map unless MDB_RDONLY is set. This is faster
         *              and uses fewer mallocs, but loses protection from application bugs
         *              like wild pointer writes and other bad updates into the database.
         *              Incompatible with nested transactions.
         *              Do not mix processes with and without MDB_WRITEMAP on the same
         *              environment.  This can defeat durability (#mdb_env_sync etc).
         *      <li>#MDB_NOMETASYNC
         *              Flush system buffers to disk only once per transaction, omit the
         *              metadata flush. Defer that until the system flushes files to disk,
         *              or next non-MDB_RDONLY commit or #mdb_env_sync(). This optimization
         *              maintains database integrity, but a system crash may undo the last
         *              committed transaction. I.e. it preserves the ACI (atomicity,
         *              consistency, isolation) but not D (durability) database property.
         *              This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
         *      <li>#MDB_NOSYNC
         *              Don't flush system buffers to disk when committing a transaction.
         *              This optimization means a system crash can corrupt the database or
         *              lose the last transactions if buffers are not yet flushed to disk.
         *              The risk is governed by how often the system flushes dirty buffers
         *              to disk and how often #mdb_env_sync() is called.  However, if the
         *              filesystem preserves write order and the #MDB_WRITEMAP flag is not
         *              used, transactions exhibit ACI (atomicity, consistency, isolation)
         *              properties and only lose D (durability).  I.e. database integrity
         *              is maintained, but a system crash may undo the final transactions.
         *              Note that (#MDB_NOSYNC | #MDB_WRITEMAP) leaves the system with no
         *              hint for when to write transactions to disk, unless #mdb_env_sync()
         *              is called. (#MDB_MAPASYNC | #MDB_WRITEMAP) may be preferable.
         *              This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
         *      <li>#MDB_MAPASYNC
         *              When using #MDB_WRITEMAP, use asynchronous flushes to disk.
         *              As with #MDB_NOSYNC, a system crash can then corrupt the
         *              database or lose the last transactions. Calling #mdb_env_sync()
         *              ensures on-disk database integrity until next commit.
         *              This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
         *      <li>#MDB_NOTLS
         *              Don't use Thread-Local Storage. Tie reader locktable slots to
         *              #MDB_txn objects instead of to threads. I.e. #mdb_txn_reset() keeps
         *              the slot reseved for the #MDB_txn object. A thread may use parallel
         *              read-only transactions. A read-only transaction may span threads if
         *              the user synchronizes its use. Applications that multiplex many
         *              user threads over individual OS threads need this option. Such an
         *              application must also serialize the write transactions in an OS
         *              thread, since LMDB's write locking is unaware of the user threads.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOLOCK
         *              Don't do any locking. If concurrent access is anticipated, the
         *              caller must manage all concurrency itself. For proper operation
         *              the caller must enforce single-writer semantics, and must ensure
         *              that no readers are using old transactions while a writer is
         *              active. The simplest approach is to use an exclusive lock so that
         *              no readers may be active at all when a writer begins.
         *      <li>#MDB_NORDAHEAD
         *              Turn off readahead. Most operating systems perform readahead on
         *              read requests by default. This option turns it off if the OS
         *              supports it. Turning it off may help random read performance
         *              when the DB is larger than RAM and system RAM is full.
         *              The option is not implemented on Windows.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOMEMINIT
         *              Don't initialize malloc'd memory before writing to unused spaces
         *              in the data file. By default, memory for pages written to the data
         *              file is obtained using malloc. While these pages may be reused in
         *              subsequent transactions, freshly malloc'd pages will be initialized
         *              to zeroes before use. This avoids persisting leftover data from other
         *              code (that used the heap and subsequently freed the memory) into the
         *              data file. Note that many other system libraries may allocate
         *              and free memory from the heap for arbitrary uses. E.g., stdio may
         *              use the heap for file I/O buffers. This initialization step has a
         *              modest performance cost so some applications may want to disable
         *              it using this flag. This option can be a problem for applications
         *              which handle sensitive data like passwords, and it makes memory
         *              checkers like Valgrind noisy. This flag is not needed with #MDB_WRITEMAP,
         *              which writes directly to the mmap instead of using malloc for pages. The
         *              initialization is also skipped if #MDB_RESERVE is used; the
         *              caller is expected to overwrite all of the memory that was
         *              reserved in that case.
         *              This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
         * </ul>
         * @param[in] mode The UNIX permissions to set on created files and semaphores.
         * This parameter is ignored on Windows.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH - the version of the LMDB library doesn't match the
         *      version that created the database environment.
         *      <li>#MDB_INVALID - the environment file headers are corrupted.
         *      <li>ENOENT - the directory specified by the path parameter doesn't exist.
         *      <li>EACCES - the user didn't have permission to access the environment files.
         *      <li>EAGAIN - the environment was locked by another process.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_open(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags, mdb_mode_t mode);

        /** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified path.
         *
         * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
         * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
         * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
         * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
         * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
         * must have already been opened successfully.
         * @param[in] path The directory in which the copy will reside. This
         * directory must already exist and be writable but must otherwise be
         * empty.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_copy(MDB_env *env, const char *path);

        /** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified file descriptor.
         *
         * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
         * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
         * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
         * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
         * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
         * must have already been opened successfully.
         * @param[in] fd The filedescriptor to write the copy to. It must
         * have already been opened for Write access.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_copyfd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd);

        /** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified path, with options.
         *
         * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
         * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
         * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
         * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
         * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
         * must have already been opened successfully.
         * @param[in] path The directory in which the copy will reside. This
         * directory must already exist and be writable but must otherwise be
         * empty.
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
         * values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_CP_COMPACT - Perform compaction while copying: omit free
         *              pages and sequentially renumber all pages in output. This option
         *              consumes more CPU and runs more slowly than the default.
         * </ul>
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_copy2(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags);

        /** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified file descriptor,
         *      with options.
         *
         * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
         * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need. See
         * #mdb_env_copy2() for further details.
         * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
         * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
         * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
         * must have already been opened successfully.
         * @param[in] fd The filedescriptor to write the copy to. It must
         * have already been opened for Write access.
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation.
         * See #mdb_env_copy2() for options.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_copyfd2(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd, unsigned int flags);

        /** @brief Return statistics about the LMDB environment.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_stat structure
         *      where the statistics will be copied
         */
int  mdb_env_stat(MDB_env *env, MDB_stat *stat);

        /** @brief Return information about the LMDB environment.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_envinfo structure
         *      where the information will be copied
         */
int  mdb_env_info(MDB_env *env, MDB_envinfo *stat);

        /** @brief Flush the data buffers to disk.
         *
         * Data is always written to disk when #mdb_txn_commit() is called,
         * but the operating system may keep it buffered. LMDB always flushes
         * the OS buffers upon commit as well, unless the environment was
         * opened with #MDB_NOSYNC or in part #MDB_NOMETASYNC. This call is
         * not valid if the environment was opened with #MDB_RDONLY.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] force If non-zero, force a synchronous flush.  Otherwise
         *  if the environment has the #MDB_NOSYNC flag set the flushes
         *      will be omitted, and with #MDB_MAPASYNC they will be asynchronous.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EACCES - the environment is read-only.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         *      <li>EIO - an error occurred during synchronization.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_sync(MDB_env *env, int force);

        /** @brief Close the environment and release the memory map.
         *
         * Only a single thread may call this function. All transactions, databases,
         * and cursors must already be closed before calling this function. Attempts to
         * use any such handles after calling this function will cause a SIGSEGV.
         * The environment handle will be freed and must not be used again after this call.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         */
void mdb_env_close(MDB_env *env);

        /** @brief Set environment flags.
         *
         * This may be used to set some flags in addition to those from
         * #mdb_env_open(), or to unset these flags.  If several threads
         * change the flags at the same time, the result is undefined.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] flags The flags to change, bitwise OR'ed together
         * @param[in] onoff A non-zero value sets the flags, zero clears them.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flags, int onoff);

        /** @brief Get environment flags.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] flags The address of an integer to store the flags
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_get_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *flags);

        /** @brief Return the path that was used in #mdb_env_open().
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] path Address of a string pointer to contain the path. This
         * is the actual string in the environment, not a copy. It should not be
         * altered in any way.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_get_path(MDB_env *env, const char **path);

        /** @brief Return the filedescriptor for the given environment.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] fd Address of a mdb_filehandle_t to contain the descriptor.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_get_fd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t *fd);

        /** @brief Set the size of the memory map to use for this environment.
         *
         * The size should be a multiple of the OS page size. The default is
         * 10485760 bytes. The size of the memory map is also the maximum size
         * of the database. The value should be chosen as large as possible,
         * to accommodate future growth of the database.
         * This function should be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
         * It may be called at later times if no transactions are active in
         * this process. Note that the library does not check for this condition,
         * the caller must ensure it explicitly.
         *
         * The new size takes effect immediately for the current process but
         * will not be persisted to any others until a write transaction has been
         * committed by the current process. Also, only mapsize increases are
         * persisted into the environment.
         *
         * If the mapsize is increased by another process, and data has grown
         * beyond the range of the current mapsize, #mdb_txn_begin() will
         * return #MDB_MAP_RESIZED. This function may be called with a size
         * of zero to adopt the new size.
         *
         * Any attempt to set a size smaller than the space already consumed
         * by the environment will be silently changed to the current size of the used space.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] size The size in bytes
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment has
         *      an active write transaction.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_set_mapsize(MDB_env *env, size_t size);

        /** @brief Set the maximum number of threads/reader slots for the environment.
         *
         * This defines the number of slots in the lock table that is used to track readers in the
         * the environment. The default is 126.
         * Starting a read-only transaction normally ties a lock table slot to the
         * current thread until the environment closes or the thread exits. If
         * MDB_NOTLS is in use, #mdb_txn_begin() instead ties the slot to the
         * MDB_txn object until it or the #MDB_env object is destroyed.
         * This function may only be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] readers The maximum number of reader lock table slots
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment is already open.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_set_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int readers);

        /** @brief Get the maximum number of threads/reader slots for the environment.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] readers Address of an integer to store the number of readers
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_get_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *readers);

        /** @brief Set the maximum number of named databases for the environment.
         *
         * This function is only needed if multiple databases will be used in the
         * environment. Simpler applications that use the environment as a single
         * unnamed database can ignore this option.
         * This function may only be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
         *
         * Currently a moderate number of slots are cheap but a huge number gets
         * expensive: 7-120 words per transaction, and every #mdb_dbi_open()
         * does a linear search of the opened slots.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] dbs The maximum number of databases
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment is already open.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_env_set_maxdbs(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbs);

        /** @brief Get the maximum size of keys and #MDB_DUPSORT data we can write.
         *
         * Depends on the compile-time constant #MDB_MAXKEYSIZE. Default 511.
         * See @ref MDB_val.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @return The maximum size of a key we can write
         */
int  mdb_env_get_maxkeysize(MDB_env *env);

        /** @brief Set application information associated with the #MDB_env.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary pointer for whatever the application needs.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_set_userctx(MDB_env *env, void *ctx);

        /** @brief Get the application information associated with the #MDB_env.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @return The pointer set by #mdb_env_set_userctx().
         */
void *mdb_env_get_userctx(MDB_env *env);

        /** @brief A callback function for most LMDB assert() failures,
         * called before printing the message and aborting.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create().
         * @param[in] msg The assertion message, not including newline.
         */
typedef void MDB_assert_func(MDB_env *env, const char *msg);

        /** Set or reset the assert() callback of the environment.
         * Disabled if liblmdb is buillt with NDEBUG.
         * @note This hack should become obsolete as lmdb's error handling matures.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create().
         * @param[in] func An #MDB_assert_func function, or 0.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_env_set_assert(MDB_env *env, MDB_assert_func *func);

        /** @brief Create a transaction for use with the environment.
         *
         * The transaction handle may be discarded using #mdb_txn_abort() or #mdb_txn_commit().
         * @note A transaction and its cursors must only be used by a single
         * thread, and a thread may only have a single transaction at a time.
         * If #MDB_NOTLS is in use, this does not apply to read-only transactions.
         * @note Cursors may not span transactions.
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] parent If this parameter is non-NULL, the new transaction
         * will be a nested transaction, with the transaction indicated by \b parent
         * as its parent. Transactions may be nested to any level. A parent
         * transaction and its cursors may not issue any other operations than
         * mdb_txn_commit and mdb_txn_abort while it has active child transactions.
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this transaction. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
         * values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_RDONLY
         *              This transaction will not perform any write operations.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOSYNC
         *              Don't flush system buffers to disk when committing this transaction.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOMETASYNC
         *              Flush system buffers but omit metadata flush when committing this transaction.
         * </ul>
         * @param[out] txn Address where the new #MDB_txn handle will be stored
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_PANIC - a fatal error occurred earlier and the environment
         *              must be shut down.
         *      <li>#MDB_MAP_RESIZED - another process wrote data beyond this MDB_env's
         *              mapsize and this environment's map must be resized as well.
         *              See #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
         *      <li>#MDB_READERS_FULL - a read-only transaction was requested and
         *              the reader lock table is full. See #mdb_env_set_maxreaders().
         *      <li>ENOMEM - out of memory.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_txn_begin(MDB_env *env, MDB_txn *parent, unsigned int flags, MDB_txn **txn);

        /** @brief Returns the transaction's #MDB_env
         *
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         */
MDB_env *mdb_txn_env(MDB_txn *txn);

        /** @brief Return the transaction's ID.
         *
         * This returns the identifier associated with this transaction. For a
         * read-only transaction, this corresponds to the snapshot being read;
         * concurrent readers will frequently have the same transaction ID.
         *
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @return A transaction ID, valid if input is an active transaction.
         */
size_t mdb_txn_id(MDB_txn *txn);

        /** @brief Commit all the operations of a transaction into the database.
         *
         * The transaction handle is freed. It and its cursors must not be used
         * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
         * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said all cursors would be freed.
         * Only write-transactions free cursors.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         *      <li>ENOSPC - no more disk space.
         *      <li>EIO - a low-level I/O error occurred while writing.
         *      <li>ENOMEM - out of memory.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_txn_commit(MDB_txn *txn);

        /** @brief Abandon all the operations of the transaction instead of saving them.
         *
         * The transaction handle is freed. It and its cursors must not be used
         * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
         * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said all cursors would be freed.
         * Only write-transactions free cursors.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         */
void mdb_txn_abort(MDB_txn *txn);

        /** @brief Reset a read-only transaction.
         *
         * Abort the transaction like #mdb_txn_abort(), but keep the transaction
         * handle. #mdb_txn_renew() may reuse the handle. This saves allocation
         * overhead if the process will start a new read-only transaction soon,
         * and also locking overhead if #MDB_NOTLS is in use. The reader table
         * lock is released, but the table slot stays tied to its thread or
         * #MDB_txn. Use mdb_txn_abort() to discard a reset handle, and to free
         * its lock table slot if MDB_NOTLS is in use.
         * Cursors opened within the transaction must not be used
         * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
         * Reader locks generally don't interfere with writers, but they keep old
         * versions of database pages allocated. Thus they prevent the old pages
         * from being reused when writers commit new data, and so under heavy load
         * the database size may grow much more rapidly than otherwise.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         */
void mdb_txn_reset(MDB_txn *txn);

        /** @brief Renew a read-only transaction.
         *
         * This acquires a new reader lock for a transaction handle that had been
         * released by #mdb_txn_reset(). It must be called before a reset transaction
         * may be used again.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_PANIC - a fatal error occurred earlier and the environment
         *              must be shut down.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_txn_renew(MDB_txn *txn);

/** Compat with version <= 0.9.4, avoid clash with libmdb from MDB Tools project */
#define mdb_open(txn,name,flags,dbi)    mdb_dbi_open(txn,name,flags,dbi)
/** Compat with version <= 0.9.4, avoid clash with libmdb from MDB Tools project */
#define mdb_close(env,dbi)                              mdb_dbi_close(env,dbi)

        /** @brief Open a database in the environment.
         *
         * A database handle denotes the name and parameters of a database,
         * independently of whether such a database exists.
         * The database handle may be discarded by calling #mdb_dbi_close().
         * The old database handle is returned if the database was already open.
         * The handle may only be closed once.
         *
         * The database handle will be private to the current transaction until
         * the transaction is successfully committed. If the transaction is
         * aborted the handle will be closed automatically.
         * After a successful commit the handle will reside in the shared
         * environment, and may be used by other transactions.
         *
         * This function must not be called from multiple concurrent
         * transactions in the same process. A transaction that uses
         * this function must finish (either commit or abort) before
         * any other transaction in the process may use this function.
         *
         * To use named databases (with name != NULL), #mdb_env_set_maxdbs()
         * must be called before opening the environment.  Database names are
         * keys in the unnamed database, and may be read but not written.
         *
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] name The name of the database to open. If only a single
         *      database is needed in the environment, this value may be NULL.
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this database. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
         * values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_REVERSEKEY
         *              Keys are strings to be compared in reverse order, from the end
         *              of the strings to the beginning. By default, Keys are treated as strings and
         *              compared from beginning to end.
         *      <li>#MDB_DUPSORT
         *              Duplicate keys may be used in the database. (Or, from another perspective,
         *              keys may have multiple data items, stored in sorted order.) By default
         *              keys must be unique and may have only a single data item.
         *      <li>#MDB_INTEGERKEY
         *              Keys are binary integers in native byte order, either unsigned int
         *              or size_t, and will be sorted as such.
         *              The keys must all be of the same size.
         *      <li>#MDB_DUPFIXED
         *              This flag may only be used in combination with #MDB_DUPSORT. This option
         *              tells the library that the data items for this database are all the same
         *              size, which allows further optimizations in storage and retrieval. When
         *              all data items are the same size, the #MDB_GET_MULTIPLE and #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE
         *              cursor operations may be used to retrieve multiple items at once.
         *      <li>#MDB_INTEGERDUP
         *              This option specifies that duplicate data items are binary integers,
         *              similar to #MDB_INTEGERKEY keys.
         *      <li>#MDB_REVERSEDUP
         *              This option specifies that duplicate data items should be compared as
         *              strings in reverse order.
         *      <li>#MDB_CREATE
         *              Create the named database if it doesn't exist. This option is not
         *              allowed in a read-only transaction or a read-only environment.
         * </ul>
         * @param[out] dbi Address where the new #MDB_dbi handle will be stored
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - the specified database doesn't exist in the environment
         *              and #MDB_CREATE was not specified.
         *      <li>#MDB_DBS_FULL - too many databases have been opened. See #mdb_env_set_maxdbs().
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_dbi_open(MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi);

        /** @brief Retrieve statistics for a database.
         *
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_stat structure
         *      where the statistics will be copied
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_stat(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_stat *stat);

        /** @brief Retrieve the DB flags for a database handle.
         *
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[out] flags Address where the flags will be returned.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int mdb_dbi_flags(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, unsigned int *flags);

        /** @brief Close a database handle. Normally unnecessary. Use with care:
         *
         * This call is not mutex protected. Handles should only be closed by
         * a single thread, and only if no other threads are going to reference
         * the database handle or one of its cursors any further. Do not close
         * a handle if an existing transaction has modified its database.
         * Doing so can cause misbehavior from database corruption to errors
         * like MDB_BAD_VALSIZE (since the DB name is gone).
         *
         * Closing a database handle is not necessary, but lets #mdb_dbi_open()
         * reuse the handle value.  Usually it's better to set a bigger
         * #mdb_env_set_maxdbs(), unless that value would be large.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         */
void mdb_dbi_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi);

        /** @brief Empty or delete+close a database.
         *
         * See #mdb_dbi_close() for restrictions about closing the DB handle.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] del 0 to empty the DB, 1 to delete it from the
         * environment and close the DB handle.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
         */
int  mdb_drop(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, int del);

        /** @brief Set a custom key comparison function for a database.
         *
         * The comparison function is called whenever it is necessary to compare a
         * key specified by the application with a key currently stored in the database.
         * If no comparison function is specified, and no special key flags were specified
         * with #mdb_dbi_open(), the keys are compared lexically, with shorter keys collating
         * before longer keys.
         * @warning This function must be called before any data access functions are used,
         * otherwise data corruption may occur. The same comparison function must be used by every
         * program accessing the database, every time the database is used.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] cmp A #MDB_cmp_func function
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_set_compare(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp);

        /** @brief Set a custom data comparison function for a #MDB_DUPSORT database.
         *
         * This comparison function is called whenever it is necessary to compare a data
         * item specified by the application with a data item currently stored in the database.
         * This function only takes effect if the database was opened with the #MDB_DUPSORT
         * flag.
         * If no comparison function is specified, and no special key flags were specified
         * with #mdb_dbi_open(), the data items are compared lexically, with shorter items collating
         * before longer items.
         * @warning This function must be called before any data access functions are used,
         * otherwise data corruption may occur. The same comparison function must be used by every
         * program accessing the database, every time the database is used.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] cmp A #MDB_cmp_func function
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_set_dupsort(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp);

        /** @brief Set a relocation function for a #MDB_FIXEDMAP database.
         *
         * @todo The relocation function is called whenever it is necessary to move the data
         * of an item to a different position in the database (e.g. through tree
         * balancing operations, shifts as a result of adds or deletes, etc.). It is
         * intended to allow address/position-dependent data items to be stored in
         * a database in an environment opened with the #MDB_FIXEDMAP option.
         * Currently the relocation feature is unimplemented and setting
         * this function has no effect.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] rel A #MDB_rel_func function
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_set_relfunc(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_rel_func *rel);

        /** @brief Set a context pointer for a #MDB_FIXEDMAP database's relocation function.
         *
         * See #mdb_set_relfunc and #MDB_rel_func for more details.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary pointer for whatever the application needs.
         * It will be passed to the callback function set by #mdb_set_relfunc
         * as its \b relctx parameter whenever the callback is invoked.
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_set_relctx(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, void *ctx);

        /** @brief Get items from a database.
         *
         * This function retrieves key/data pairs from the database. The address
         * and length of the data associated with the specified \b key are returned
         * in the structure to which \b data refers.
         * If the database supports duplicate keys (#MDB_DUPSORT) then the
         * first data item for the key will be returned. Retrieval of other
         * items requires the use of #mdb_cursor_get().
         *
         * @note The memory pointed to by the returned values is owned by the
         * database. The caller need not dispose of the memory, and may not
         * modify it in any way. For values returned in a read-only transaction
         * any modification attempts will cause a SIGSEGV.
         * @note Values returned from the database are valid only until a
         * subsequent update operation, or the end of the transaction.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] key The key to search for in the database
         * @param[out] data The data corresponding to the key
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - the key was not in the database.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_get(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);

        /** @brief Store items into a database.
         *
         * This function stores key/data pairs in the database. The default behavior
         * is to enter the new key/data pair, replacing any previously existing key
         * if duplicates are disallowed, or adding a duplicate data item if
         * duplicates are allowed (#MDB_DUPSORT).
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] key The key to store in the database
         * @param[in,out] data The data to store
         * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
         * values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - enter the new key/data pair only if it does not
         *              already appear in the database. This flag may only be specified
         *              if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT. The function will
         *              return #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key/data pair already appears in the
         *              database.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOOVERWRITE - enter the new key/data pair only if the key
         *              does not already appear in the database. The function will return
         *              #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key already appears in the database, even if
         *              the database supports duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT). The \b data
         *              parameter will be set to point to the existing item.
         *      <li>#MDB_RESERVE - reserve space for data of the given size, but
         *              don't copy the given data. Instead, return a pointer to the
         *              reserved space, which the caller can fill in later - before
         *              the next update operation or the transaction ends. This saves
         *              an extra memcpy if the data is being generated later.
         *              LMDB does nothing else with this memory, the caller is expected
         *              to modify all of the space requested.
         *      <li>#MDB_APPEND - append the given key/data pair to the end of the
         *              database. This option allows fast bulk loading when keys are
         *              already known to be in the correct order. Loading unsorted keys
         *              with this flag will cause a #MDB_KEYEXIST error.
         *      <li>#MDB_APPENDDUP - as above, but for sorted dup data.
         * </ul>
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_MAP_FULL - the database is full, see #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
         *      <li>#MDB_TXN_FULL - the transaction has too many dirty pages.
         *      <li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_put(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
                            unsigned int flags);

        /** @brief Delete items from a database.
         *
         * This function removes key/data pairs from the database.
         * If the database does not support sorted duplicate data items
         * (#MDB_DUPSORT) the data parameter is ignored.
         * If the database supports sorted duplicates and the data parameter
         * is NULL, all of the duplicate data items for the key will be
         * deleted. Otherwise, if the data parameter is non-NULL
         * only the matching data item will be deleted.
         * This function will return #MDB_NOTFOUND if the specified key/data
         * pair is not in the database.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] key The key to delete from the database
         * @param[in] data The data to delete
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_del(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);

        /** @brief Create a cursor handle.
         *
         * A cursor is associated with a specific transaction and database.
         * A cursor cannot be used when its database handle is closed.  Nor
         * when its transaction has ended, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
         * It can be discarded with #mdb_cursor_close().
         * A cursor in a write-transaction can be closed before its transaction
         * ends, and will otherwise be closed when its transaction ends.
         * A cursor in a read-only transaction must be closed explicitly, before
         * or after its transaction ends. It can be reused with
         * #mdb_cursor_renew() before finally closing it.
         * @note Earlier documentation said that cursors in every transaction
         * were closed when the transaction committed or aborted.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[out] cursor Address where the new #MDB_cursor handle will be stored
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_open(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cursor **cursor);

        /** @brief Close a cursor handle.
         *
         * The cursor handle will be freed and must not be used again after this call.
         * Its transaction must still be live if it is a write-transaction.
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         */
void mdb_cursor_close(MDB_cursor *cursor);

        /** @brief Renew a cursor handle.
         *
         * A cursor is associated with a specific transaction and database.
         * Cursors that are only used in read-only
         * transactions may be re-used, to avoid unnecessary malloc/free overhead.
         * The cursor may be associated with a new read-only transaction, and
         * referencing the same database handle as it was created with.
         * This may be done whether the previous transaction is live or dead.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_renew(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_cursor *cursor);

        /** @brief Return the cursor's transaction handle.
         *
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         */
MDB_txn *mdb_cursor_txn(MDB_cursor *cursor);

        /** @brief Return the cursor's database handle.
         *
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         */
MDB_dbi mdb_cursor_dbi(MDB_cursor *cursor);

        /** @brief Retrieve by cursor.
         *
         * This function retrieves key/data pairs from the database. The address and length
         * of the key are returned in the object to which \b key refers (except for the
         * case of the #MDB_SET option, in which the \b key object is unchanged), and
         * the address and length of the data are returned in the object to which \b data
         * refers.
         * See #mdb_get() for restrictions on using the output values.
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         * @param[in,out] key The key for a retrieved item
         * @param[in,out] data The data of a retrieved item
         * @param[in] op A cursor operation #MDB_cursor_op
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - no matching key found.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_get(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
                            MDB_cursor_op op);

        /** @brief Store by cursor.
         *
         * This function stores key/data pairs into the database.
         * The cursor is positioned at the new item, or on failure usually near it.
         * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said errors would leave the
         * state of the cursor unchanged.
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         * @param[in] key The key operated on.
         * @param[in] data The data operated on.
         * @param[in] flags Options for this operation. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or one of the values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_CURRENT - replace the item at the current cursor position.
         *              The \b key parameter must still be provided, and must match it.
         *              If using sorted duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT) the data item must still
         *              sort into the same place. This is intended to be used when the
         *              new data is the same size as the old. Otherwise it will simply
         *              perform a delete of the old record followed by an insert.
         *      <li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - enter the new key/data pair only if it does not
         *              already appear in the database. This flag may only be specified
         *              if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT. The function will
         *              return #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key/data pair already appears in the
         *              database.
         *      <li>#MDB_NOOVERWRITE - enter the new key/data pair only if the key
         *              does not already appear in the database. The function will return
         *              #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key already appears in the database, even if
         *              the database supports duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT).
         *      <li>#MDB_RESERVE - reserve space for data of the given size, but
         *              don't copy the given data. Instead, return a pointer to the
         *              reserved space, which the caller can fill in later. This saves
         *              an extra memcpy if the data is being generated later.
         *      <li>#MDB_APPEND - append the given key/data pair to the end of the
         *              database. No key comparisons are performed. This option allows
         *              fast bulk loading when keys are already known to be in the
         *              correct order. Loading unsorted keys with this flag will cause
         *              data corruption.
         *      <li>#MDB_APPENDDUP - as above, but for sorted dup data.
         *      <li>#MDB_MULTIPLE - store multiple contiguous data elements in a
         *              single request. This flag may only be specified if the database
         *              was opened with #MDB_DUPFIXED. The \b data argument must be an
         *              array of two MDB_vals. The mv_size of the first MDB_val must be
         *              the size of a single data element. The mv_data of the first MDB_val
         *              must point to the beginning of the array of contiguous data elements.
         *              The mv_size of the second MDB_val must be the count of the number
         *              of data elements to store. On return this field will be set to
         *              the count of the number of elements actually written. The mv_data
         *              of the second MDB_val is unused.
         * </ul>
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_MAP_FULL - the database is full, see #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
         *      <li>#MDB_TXN_FULL - the transaction has too many dirty pages.
         *      <li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_put(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
                                unsigned int flags);

        /** @brief Delete current key/data pair
         *
         * This function deletes the key/data pair to which the cursor refers.
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         * @param[in] flags Options for this operation. This parameter
         * must be set to 0 or one of the values described here.
         * <ul>
         *      <li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - delete all of the data items for the current key.
         *              This flag may only be specified if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT.
         * </ul>
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
         *      <li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_del(MDB_cursor *cursor, unsigned int flags);

        /** @brief Return count of duplicates for current key.
         *
         * This call is only valid on databases that support sorted duplicate
         * data items #MDB_DUPSORT.
         * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
         * @param[out] countp Address where the count will be stored
         * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
         * errors are:
         * <ul>
         *      <li>EINVAL - cursor is not initialized, or an invalid parameter was specified.
         * </ul>
         */
int  mdb_cursor_count(MDB_cursor *cursor, size_t *countp);

        /** @brief Compare two data items according to a particular database.
         *
         * This returns a comparison as if the two data items were keys in the
         * specified database.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] a The first item to compare
         * @param[in] b The second item to compare
         * @return < 0 if a < b, 0 if a == b, > 0 if a > b
         */
int  mdb_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);

        /** @brief Compare two data items according to a particular database.
         *
         * This returns a comparison as if the two items were data items of
         * the specified database. The database must have the #MDB_DUPSORT flag.
         * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
         * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
         * @param[in] a The first item to compare
         * @param[in] b The second item to compare
         * @return < 0 if a < b, 0 if a == b, > 0 if a > b
         */
int  mdb_dcmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);

        /** @brief A callback function used to print a message from the library.
         *
         * @param[in] msg The string to be printed.
         * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary context pointer for the callback.
         * @return < 0 on failure, >= 0 on success.
         */
typedef int (MDB_msg_func)(const char *msg, void *ctx);

        /** @brief Dump the entries in the reader lock table.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[in] func A #MDB_msg_func function
         * @param[in] ctx Anything the message function needs
         * @return < 0 on failure, >= 0 on success.
         */
int     mdb_reader_list(MDB_env *env, MDB_msg_func *func, void *ctx);

        /** @brief Check for stale entries in the reader lock table.
         *
         * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
         * @param[out] dead Number of stale slots that were cleared
         * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
         */
int     mdb_reader_check(MDB_env *env, int *dead);
/**     @} */

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
/** @page tools LMDB Command Line Tools
        The following describes the command line tools that are available for LMDB.
        \li \ref mdb_copy_1
        \li \ref mdb_dump_1
        \li \ref mdb_load_1
        \li \ref mdb_stat_1
*/

#endif /* _LMDB_H_ */