4 * i3 - an improved dynamic tiling window manager
6 * © 2009 Michael Stapelberg and contributors
8 * See file LICENSE for license information.
10 * util.c: Utility functions, which can be useful everywhere.
21 #if defined(__OpenBSD__)
22 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
25 #include <xcb/xcb_icccm.h>
37 #include "workspace.h"
40 static iconv_t conversion_descriptor = 0;
41 struct keyvalue_table_head by_parent = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(by_parent);
42 struct keyvalue_table_head by_child = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(by_child);
44 int min(int a, int b) {
45 return (a < b ? a : b);
48 int max(int a, int b) {
49 return (a > b ? a : b);
53 * Updates *destination with new_value and returns true if it was changed or false
57 bool update_if_necessary(uint32_t *destination, const uint32_t new_value) {
58 uint32_t old_value = *destination;
60 return ((*destination = new_value) != old_value);
64 * The s* functions (safe) are wrappers around malloc, strdup, …, which exits if one of
65 * the called functions returns NULL, meaning that there is no more memory available
68 void *smalloc(size_t size) {
69 void *result = malloc(size);
70 exit_if_null(result, "Error: out of memory (malloc(%zd))\n", size);
74 void *scalloc(size_t size) {
75 void *result = calloc(size, 1);
76 exit_if_null(result, "Error: out of memory (calloc(%zd))\n", size);
80 char *sstrdup(const char *str) {
81 char *result = strdup(str);
82 exit_if_null(result, "Error: out of memory (strdup())\n");
87 * The table_* functions emulate the behaviour of libxcb-wm, which in libxcb 0.3.4 suddenly
91 bool table_put(struct keyvalue_table_head *head, uint32_t key, void *value) {
92 struct keyvalue_element *element = scalloc(sizeof(struct keyvalue_element));
94 element->value = value;
96 TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(head, element, elements);
100 void *table_remove(struct keyvalue_table_head *head, uint32_t key) {
101 struct keyvalue_element *element;
103 TAILQ_FOREACH(element, head, elements)
104 if (element->key == key) {
105 void *value = element->value;
106 TAILQ_REMOVE(head, element, elements);
114 void *table_get(struct keyvalue_table_head *head, uint32_t key) {
115 struct keyvalue_element *element;
117 TAILQ_FOREACH(element, head, elements)
118 if (element->key == key)
119 return element->value;
125 * Starts the given application by passing it through a shell. We use double fork
126 * to avoid zombie processes. As the started application’s parent exits (immediately),
127 * the application is reparented to init (process-id 1), which correctly handles
128 * childs, so we don’t have to do it :-).
130 * The shell is determined by looking for the SHELL environment variable. If it
131 * does not exist, /bin/sh is used.
134 void start_application(const char *command) {
138 /* Stores the path of the shell */
139 static const char *shell = NULL;
142 if ((shell = getenv("SHELL")) == NULL)
145 /* This is the child */
146 execl(shell, shell, "-c", command, (void*)NULL);
155 * Checks a generic cookie for errors and quits with the given message if there
159 void check_error(xcb_connection_t *conn, xcb_void_cookie_t cookie, char *err_message) {
160 xcb_generic_error_t *error = xcb_request_check(conn, cookie);
162 fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: %s (X error %d)\n", err_message , error->error_code);
163 xcb_disconnect(conn);
169 * Converts the given string to UCS-2 big endian for use with
170 * xcb_image_text_16(). The amount of real glyphs is stored in real_strlen,
171 * a buffer containing the UCS-2 encoded string (16 bit per glyph) is
172 * returned. It has to be freed when done.
175 char *convert_utf8_to_ucs2(char *input, int *real_strlen) {
176 size_t input_size = strlen(input) + 1;
177 /* UCS-2 consumes exactly two bytes for each glyph */
178 int buffer_size = input_size * 2;
180 char *buffer = smalloc(buffer_size);
181 size_t output_size = buffer_size;
182 /* We need to use an additional pointer, because iconv() modifies it */
183 char *output = buffer;
185 /* We convert the input into UCS-2 big endian */
186 if (conversion_descriptor == 0) {
187 conversion_descriptor = iconv_open("UCS-2BE", "UTF-8");
188 if (conversion_descriptor == 0) {
189 fprintf(stderr, "error opening the conversion context\n");
194 /* Get the conversion descriptor back to original state */
195 iconv(conversion_descriptor, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
197 /* Convert our text */
198 int rc = iconv(conversion_descriptor, (void*)&input, &input_size, &output, &output_size);
199 if (rc == (size_t)-1) {
200 perror("Converting to UCS-2 failed");
201 if (real_strlen != NULL)
206 if (real_strlen != NULL)
207 *real_strlen = ((buffer_size - output_size) / 2) - 1;
213 * Returns the client which comes next in focus stack (= was selected before) for
214 * the given container, optionally excluding the given client.
217 Client *get_last_focused_client(xcb_connection_t *conn, Container *container, Client *exclude) {
219 SLIST_FOREACH(current, &(container->workspace->focus_stack), focus_clients)
220 if ((current->container == container) && ((exclude == NULL) || (current != exclude)))
226 * Sends WM_TAKE_FOCUS to the client
229 void take_focus(xcb_connection_t *conn, Client *client) {
230 xcb_client_message_event_t ev;
232 memset(&ev, 0, sizeof(xcb_client_message_event_t));
234 ev.response_type = XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE;
235 ev.window = client->child;
236 ev.type = A_WM_PROTOCOLS;
238 ev.data.data32[0] = A_WM_TAKE_FOCUS;
239 ev.data.data32[1] = XCB_CURRENT_TIME;
241 DLOG("Sending WM_TAKE_FOCUS to the client\n");
242 xcb_send_event(conn, false, client->child, XCB_EVENT_MASK_NO_EVENT, (char*)&ev);
246 * Sets the given client as focused by updating the data structures correctly,
247 * updating the X input focus and finally re-decorating both windows (to signalize
248 * the user the new focus situation)
251 void set_focus(xcb_connection_t *conn, Client *client, bool set_anyways) {
252 /* The dock window cannot be focused, but enter notifies are still handled correctly */
256 /* Store the old client */
257 Client *old_client = SLIST_FIRST(&(c_ws->focus_stack));
259 /* Check if the focus needs to be changed at all */
260 if (!set_anyways && (old_client == client))
263 /* Store current_row/current_col */
264 c_ws->current_row = current_row;
265 c_ws->current_col = current_col;
266 c_ws = client->workspace;
267 ewmh_update_current_desktop();
268 /* Load current_col/current_row if we switch to a client without a container */
269 current_col = c_ws->current_col;
270 current_row = c_ws->current_row;
272 /* Update container */
273 if (client->container != NULL) {
274 client->container->currently_focused = client;
276 current_col = client->container->col;
277 current_row = client->container->row;
281 /* Set focus to the entered window, and flush xcb buffer immediately */
282 xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_POINTER_ROOT, client->child, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
283 if (client->needs_take_focus)
284 take_focus(conn, client);
285 ewmh_update_active_window(client->child);
286 //xcb_warp_pointer(conn, XCB_NONE, client->child, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10);
288 if (client->container != NULL) {
289 /* Get the client which was last focused in this particular container, it may be a different
290 one than old_client */
291 Client *last_focused = get_last_focused_client(conn, client->container, NULL);
293 /* In stacking containers, raise the client in respect to the one which was focused before */
294 if ((client->container->mode == MODE_STACK || client->container->mode == MODE_TABBED) &&
295 client->container->workspace->fullscreen_client == NULL) {
296 /* We need to get the client again, this time excluding the current client, because
297 * we might have just gone into stacking mode and need to raise */
298 Client *last_focused = get_last_focused_client(conn, client->container, client);
300 if (last_focused != NULL) {
301 DLOG("raising above frame %p / child %p\n", last_focused->frame, last_focused->child);
302 uint32_t values[] = { last_focused->frame, XCB_STACK_MODE_ABOVE };
303 xcb_configure_window(conn, client->frame, XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_SIBLING | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE, values);
307 /* If it is the same one as old_client, we save us the unnecessary redecorate */
308 if ((last_focused != NULL) && (last_focused != old_client))
309 redecorate_window(conn, last_focused);
312 /* If the last client was a floating client, we need to go to the next
313 * tiling client in stack and re-decorate it. */
314 if (old_client != NULL && client_is_floating(old_client)) {
315 DLOG("Coming from floating client, searching next tiling...\n");
317 SLIST_FOREACH(current, &(client->workspace->focus_stack), focus_clients) {
318 if (client_is_floating(current))
321 DLOG("Found window: %p / child %p\n", current->frame, current->child);
322 redecorate_window(conn, current);
327 SLIST_REMOVE(&(client->workspace->focus_stack), client, Client, focus_clients);
328 SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&(client->workspace->focus_stack), client, focus_clients);
330 /* Clear the urgency flag if set (necessary when i3 sets the flag, for
331 * example when automatically putting windows on the workspace of their
333 client->urgent = false;
334 workspace_update_urgent_flag(client->workspace);
336 /* If we’re in stacking mode, this renders the container to update changes in the title
337 bars and to raise the focused client */
338 if ((old_client != NULL) && (old_client != client) && !old_client->dock)
339 redecorate_window(conn, old_client);
341 /* redecorate_window flushes, so we don’t need to */
342 redecorate_window(conn, client);
346 * Called when the user switches to another mode or when the container is
347 * destroyed and thus needs to be cleaned up.
350 void leave_stack_mode(xcb_connection_t *conn, Container *container) {
351 /* When going out of stacking mode, we need to close the window */
352 struct Stack_Window *stack_win = &(container->stack_win);
354 SLIST_REMOVE(&stack_wins, stack_win, Stack_Window, stack_windows);
356 xcb_free_gc(conn, stack_win->pixmap.gc);
357 xcb_free_pixmap(conn, stack_win->pixmap.id);
358 xcb_destroy_window(conn, stack_win->window);
360 stack_win->rect.width = -1;
361 stack_win->rect.height = -1;
365 * Switches the layout of the given container taking care of the necessary house-keeping
368 void switch_layout_mode(xcb_connection_t *conn, Container *container, int mode) {
369 if (mode == MODE_STACK || mode == MODE_TABBED) {
370 /* When we’re already in stacking mode, nothing has to be done */
371 if ((mode == MODE_STACK && container->mode == MODE_STACK) ||
372 (mode == MODE_TABBED && container->mode == MODE_TABBED))
375 if (container->mode == MODE_STACK || container->mode == MODE_TABBED)
378 /* When entering stacking mode, we need to open a window on
379 * which we can draw the title bars of the clients, it has
380 * height 1 because we don’t bother here with calculating the
381 * correct height - it will be adjusted when rendering anyways.
382 * Also, we need to use max(width, 1) because windows cannot
383 * be created with either width == 0 or height == 0. */
384 Rect rect = {container->x, container->y, max(container->width, 1), 1};
389 /* Don’t generate events for our new window, it should *not* be managed */
390 mask |= XCB_CW_OVERRIDE_REDIRECT;
393 /* We want to know when… */
394 mask |= XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
395 values[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_ENTER_WINDOW | /* …mouse is moved into our window */
396 XCB_EVENT_MASK_BUTTON_PRESS | /* …mouse is pressed */
397 XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE; /* …our window needs to be redrawn */
399 struct Stack_Window *stack_win = &(container->stack_win);
400 stack_win->window = create_window(conn, rect, XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT, XCB_CURSOR_LEFT_PTR, false, mask, values);
402 stack_win->rect.height = 0;
404 /* Initialize the entry for our cached pixmap. It will be
405 * created as soon as it’s needed (see cached_pixmap_prepare). */
406 memset(&(stack_win->pixmap), 0, sizeof(struct Cached_Pixmap));
407 stack_win->pixmap.referred_rect = &stack_win->rect;
408 stack_win->pixmap.referred_drawable = stack_win->window;
410 stack_win->container = container;
412 SLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&stack_wins, stack_win, stack_windows);
414 if (container->mode == MODE_STACK || container->mode == MODE_TABBED)
415 leave_stack_mode(conn, container);
418 container->mode = mode;
420 /* Force reconfiguration of each client */
423 CIRCLEQ_FOREACH(client, &(container->clients), clients)
424 client->force_reconfigure = true;
428 if (container->currently_focused != NULL) {
429 /* We need to make sure that this client is above *each* of the
430 * other clients in this container */
431 Client *last_focused = get_last_focused_client(conn, container, container->currently_focused);
433 CIRCLEQ_FOREACH(client, &(container->clients), clients) {
434 if (client == container->currently_focused || client == last_focused)
437 DLOG("setting %08x below %08x / %08x\n", client->frame, container->currently_focused->frame);
438 uint32_t values[] = { container->currently_focused->frame, XCB_STACK_MODE_BELOW };
439 xcb_configure_window(conn, client->frame,
440 XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_SIBLING | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE, values);
443 if (last_focused != NULL) {
444 DLOG("Putting last_focused directly underneath the currently focused\n");
445 uint32_t values[] = { container->currently_focused->frame, XCB_STACK_MODE_BELOW };
446 xcb_configure_window(conn, last_focused->frame,
447 XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_SIBLING | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE, values);
451 set_focus(conn, container->currently_focused, true);
456 * Gets the first matching client for the given window class/window title.
457 * If the paramater specific is set to a specific client, only this one
461 Client *get_matching_client(xcb_connection_t *conn, const char *window_classtitle,
463 char *to_class, *to_title, *to_title_ucs = NULL;
464 int to_title_ucs_len = 0;
465 Client *matching = NULL;
467 to_class = sstrdup(window_classtitle);
469 /* If a title was specified, split both strings at the slash */
470 if ((to_title = strstr(to_class, "/")) != NULL) {
471 *(to_title++) = '\0';
472 /* Convert to UCS-2 */
473 to_title_ucs = convert_utf8_to_ucs2(to_title, &to_title_ucs_len);
476 /* If we were given a specific client we only check if that one matches */
477 if (specific != NULL) {
478 if (client_matches_class_name(specific, to_class, to_title, to_title_ucs, to_title_ucs_len))
483 DLOG("Getting clients for class \"%s\" / title \"%s\"\n", to_class, to_title);
485 TAILQ_FOREACH(ws, workspaces, workspaces) {
486 if (ws->output == NULL)
490 SLIST_FOREACH(client, &(ws->focus_stack), focus_clients) {
491 DLOG("Checking client with class=%s / %s, name=%s\n", client->window_class_instance,
492 client->window_class_class, client->name);
493 if (!client_matches_class_name(client, to_class, to_title, to_title_ucs, to_title_ucs_len))
508 * Goes through the list of arguments (for exec()) and checks if the given argument
509 * is present. If not, it copies the arguments (because we cannot realloc it) and
510 * appends the given argument.
513 static char **append_argument(char **original, char *argument) {
515 for (num_args = 0; original[num_args] != NULL; num_args++) {
516 DLOG("original argument: \"%s\"\n", original[num_args]);
517 /* If the argument is already present we return the original pointer */
518 if (strcmp(original[num_args], argument) == 0)
521 /* Copy the original array */
522 char **result = smalloc((num_args+2) * sizeof(char*));
523 memcpy(result, original, num_args * sizeof(char*));
524 result[num_args] = argument;
525 result[num_args+1] = NULL;
531 * Restart i3 in-place
532 * appends -a to argument list to disable autostart
536 restore_geometry(global_conn);
540 LOG("restarting \"%s\"...\n", start_argv[0]);
541 /* make sure -a is in the argument list or append it */
542 start_argv = append_argument(start_argv, "-a");
544 execvp(start_argv[0], start_argv);
548 #if defined(__OpenBSD__)
552 * Find the first occurrence of the byte string s in byte string l.
555 void *memmem(const void *l, size_t l_len, const void *s, size_t s_len) {
556 register char *cur, *last;
557 const char *cl = (const char *)l;
558 const char *cs = (const char *)s;
560 /* we need something to compare */
561 if (l_len == 0 || s_len == 0)
564 /* "s" must be smaller or equal to "l" */
568 /* special case where s_len == 1 */
570 return memchr(l, (int)*cs, l_len);
572 /* the last position where its possible to find "s" in "l" */
573 last = (char *)cl + l_len - s_len;
575 for (cur = (char *)cl; cur <= last; cur++)
576 if (cur[0] == cs[0] && memcmp(cur, cs, s_len) == 0)