From: cuz Date: Tue, 21 Nov 2000 22:36:50 +0000 (+0000) Subject: Removed the old cc65.txt file, added documentation for the dio api. X-Git-Tag: V2.12.0~3066 X-Git-Url: https://git.sur5r.net/?a=commitdiff_plain;h=9398c5cef03e8ad2ccc3838ff7347f00de48ee91;p=cc65 Removed the old cc65.txt file, added documentation for the dio api. git-svn-id: svn://svn.cc65.org/cc65/trunk@466 b7a2c559-68d2-44c3-8de9-860c34a00d81 --- diff --git a/doc/Makefile b/doc/Makefile index 5bbec4a40..38dd062b0 100644 --- a/doc/Makefile +++ b/doc/Makefile @@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ SGML = ar65.sgml \ ca65.sgml \ cc65.sgml \ - cl65.sgml + cl65.sgml \ + dio.sgml TXT = $(SGML:.sgml=.txt) HTML = $(SGML:.sgml=.html) diff --git a/doc/cc65.txt b/doc/cc65.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 01c2de9aa..000000000 --- a/doc/cc65.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,671 +0,0 @@ - - - cc65 - - A C Compiler for 6502 Systems - - (C) Copyright 1989 John R. Dunning - (C) Copyright 1998-2000 Ullrich von Bassewitz - (uz@musoftware.de) - - - -Contents --------- - - 1. Overview - - 2. Usage - - 3. Input and output - - 4. Differences to the ISO standard - - 5. Extensions - - 6. Predefined macros - - 7. #pragmas - - 8. Bugs/Feedback - - 9. Copyright - - - -1. Overview ------------ - -cc65 was originally a C compiler for the Atari 8-bit machines written by -John R. Dunning. In prior releases I've described the compiler by listing -up the changes made by me. I have made many more changes in the meantime -(and rewritten major parts of the compiler), so I will no longer do that, -since the list would be too large and of no use to anyone. Instead I will -describe the compiler in respect to the ANSI/ISO C standard. In fact, I'm -planning a complete rewrite (that is, a complete new compiler) for the -next release, since there are too many limitations in the current code, -and removing these limitations would mean a rewrite of many more parts of -the compiler. - -There is a separate document named "library.txt" that covers the library -available for the compiler. If you know C and are interested in doing -actual programming, the library documentation is probably of much more use -than this document. - -If you need some hints for getting the best code out of the compiler, you -may have a look at "coding.txt" which covers some code generation issues. - - - -2. Usage --------- - -The compiler translates C files into files containing assembler code that -may be translated by the ca65 macroassembler (for more information about -the assembler, have a look at ca65.txt). - -The compiler may be called as follows: - ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Usage: cc65 [options] file -Short options: - -d Debug mode - -g Add debug info to object file - -h Help (this text) - -j Default characters are signed - -o name Name the output file - -t sys Set the target system - -v Increase verbosity - -A Strict ANSI mode - -Cl Make local variables static - -Dsym[=defn] Define a symbol - -I dir Set an include directory search path - -O Optimize code - -Oi Optimize code, inline more code - -Or Enable register variables - -Os Inline some known functions - -T Include source as comment - -V Print the compiler version number - -W Suppress warnings - -Long options: - --ansi Strict ANSI mode - --cpu type Set cpu type - --debug Debug mode - --debug-info Add debug info to object file - --help Help (this text) - --include-dir dir Set an include directory search path - --signed-chars Default characters are signed - --static-locals Make local variables static - --target sys Set the target system - --verbose Increase verbosity - --version Print the compiler version number ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - -A - --ansi - - This option disables any compiler exensions. Have a look at section 5 - for a discussion of compiler extensions. In addition, the macro - - __STRICT_ANSI__ - - is defined, when using one of these options. - - - --cpu CPU - - A new, still experimental option. You may specify "6502" or "65C02" as - the CPU. 6502 is the default, so this will not change anything. - Specifying 65C02 will use a few 65C02 instructions when generating code. - Don't expect too much from this option: It is still new (and may have - bugs), and the additional instructions for the 65C02 are not that - overwhelming. - - - -d - --debug - - Enables debug mode, something that should not be needed for mere - mortals:-) - - - -D sym[=definition] - - Define a macro on the command line. If no definition is given, the macro - is defined to the value "1". - - - -g - --debug-info - - This will cause the compiler to insert a .DEBUGINFO command into the - generated assembler code. This will cause the assembler to include all - symbols in a special section in the object file. - - - -h - --help - - Print the short option summary shown above. - - - -j - --signed-chars - - Using this option, you can make the default characters signed. Since the - 6502 has no provisions for sign extending characters (which is needed on - almost any load operation), this will make the code larger and slower. A - better way is to declare characters explicitly as "signed" if needed. - You can also use "#pragma signedchars" for better control of this option - (see section 7). - - - -t target - --target target - - This option is used to set the target system. The target system - determines things like the character set that is used for strings and - character constants. The following target systems are supported: - - none - c64 - c128 - ace (no library support) - plus4 - cbm610 - pet (all CBM PET systems except the 2001) - nes (Nintendo Entertainment System) - apple2 - geos - - - -v - --verbose - - Using this option, the compiler will be somewhat more verbose if errors - or warnings are encountered. - - - -Cl - --static-locals - - Use static storage for local variables instead of storage on the stack. - Since the stack is emulated in software, this gives shorter and usually - faster code, but the code is no longer reentrant. The difference between - -Cl and declaring local variables as static yourself is, that - initializer code is executed each time, the function is entered. So when - using - - void f (void) - { - unsigned a = 1; - ... - } - - the variable a will always have the value 1 when entering the function - and using -Cl, while in - - void f (void) - { - static unsigned a = 1; - .... - } - - the variable a will have the value 1 only the first time, the function - is entered, and will keep the old value from one call of the function to - the next. - - You may also use #pragma staticlocals to change this setting in your - sources (see section 7). - - - -I dir - --include-dir dir - - Set a directory where the compiler searches for include files. You may - use this option multiple times to add more than one directory to the - search list. - - - -o name - - Specify the name of the output file. If you don't specify a name, the - name of the C input file is used, with the extension replaced by ".s". - - - -O, -Oi, -Or, -Os - - Enable an optimizer run over the produced code. - - Using -Oi, the code generator will inline some code where otherwise a - runtime functions would have been called, even if the generated code is - larger. This will not only remove the overhead for a function call, but - will make the code visible for the optimizer. - - -Or will make the compiler honor the "register" keyword. Local variables - may be placed in registers (which are actually zero page locations). - There is some overhead involved with register variables, since the old - contents of the registers must be saved and restored. In addition, the - current implementation does not make good use of register variables, so - using -Or may make your program even slower and larger. Use with care! - - Using -Os will force the compiler to inline some known functions from - the C library like strlen. Note: This has two consequences: - - * You may not use names of standard C functions in your own code. If - you do that, your program is not standard compliant anyway, but - using -Os will actually break things. - - * The inlined string and memory functions will not handle strings or - memory areas larger than 255 bytes. Similar, the inlined is..() - functions will not work with values outside char range. - - It is possible to concatenate the modifiers for -O. For example, to - enable register variables and inlining of known functions, you may use - -Ors. - - - -T - - This include the source code as comments in the generated code. This is - normally not needed. - - - -V - --version - - Print the version number of the compiler. When submitting a bug report, - please include the operating system you're using, and the compiler - version. - - - -W - - This option will suppress any warnings generated by the compiler. Since - any source file may be written in a manner that it will not produce - compiler warnings, using this option is usually not a good idea. - - - -3. Input and output -------------------- - -The compiler will accept one C file per invocation and create a file with -the same base name, but with the extension replaced by ".s". The output -file contains assembler code suitable for the use with the ca65 macro -assembler. - -In addition to the paths named in the -I option on the command line, the -directory named in the environment variable CC65_INC is added to the -search path for include files on startup. - - - -4. Differences to the ISO standard ----------------------------------- - -Here is a list of differences between the language, the compiler accepts, -and the one defined by the ISO standard: - - - * The compiler allows single line comments that start with //. This - feature is disabled in strict ANSI mode. - - * The compiler allows unnamed parameters in parameter lists. The - compiler will not issue warnings about unused parameters that don't - have a name. This feature is disabled in strict ANSI mode. - - * The compiler has some additional keywords: - - asm, __asm__, fastcall, __fastcall__, __AX__, __EAX__, __func__, - __attribute__ - - The keywords without the underlines are disabled in strict ANSI mode. - - * The "const" modifier is available, but has no effect. - - * The datatypes "float" and "double" are not available. - - * The compiler does not support bit fields. - - * Initialization of local variables is only possible for scalar data - types (that is, not for arrays and structs). - - * Because of the "wrong" order of the parameters on the stack, there is - an additional macro needed to access parameters in a variable - parameter list in a C function. - - * Functions may not return structs. However, struct assignment *is* - possible. - - * Part of the C library is available only with fastcall calling - conventions (see below). This means, that you may not mix pointers to - those functions with pointers to user written functions. - -There may be some more minor differences, I'm currently not aware off. The -biggest problem is the missing float data type. With this limitation in -mind, you should be able to write fairly portable code. - - - -5. Extensions -------------- - -This cc65 version has some extensions to the ISO C standard. - - * The compiler allows // comments (like in C++ and in the proposed C9x - standard). This feature is disabled by -A. - - * The compiler allows to insert assembler statements into the output - file. The syntax is - - asm () ; - - or - - __asm__ () ; - - The first form is in the user namespace and is disabled if the -A - switch is given. - - The given string is inserted literally into the output file, and a - newline is appended. The statements in this string are not checked by - the compiler, so be careful! - - The asm statement may be used inside a function and on global file - level. - - * There is a special calling convention named "fastcall". This calling - convention is currently only usable for functions written in - assembler. The syntax for a function declaration using fastcall is - - fastcall () - - or - - __fastcall__ () - - An example would be - - void __fastcall__ f (unsigned char c) - - The first form of the fastcall keyword is in the user namespace and is - therefore disabled in strict ANSI mode. - - For functions declared as fastcall, the rightmost parameter is not - pushed on the stack but left in the primary register when the function - is called. This will reduce the cost when calling assembler functions - significantly, especially when the function itself is rather small. - - * There are two pseudo variables named __AX__ and __EAX__. Both refer to - the primary register that is used by the compiler to evaluate - expressions or return function results. __AX__ is of type unsigned int - and __EAX__ of type long unsigned int respectively. The pseudo - variables may be used as lvalue and rvalue as every other variable. - They are most useful together with short sequences of assembler code. - For example, the macro - - #define hi(x) (__AX__=(x),asm("\ttxa\n\tldx\t#$00",__AX__) - - will give the high byte of any unsigned value. - - * Inside a function, the identifier __func__ gives the name of the - current function as a string. Outside of functions, __func__ is - undefined. - Example: - - #define PRINT_DEBUG(s) printf ("%s: %s\n", __func__, s); - - The macro will print the name of the current function plus a given - string. - - - -6. Predefined macros --------------------- - -The compiler defines several macros at startup: - - - __CC65__ This macro is always defined. Its value is the version - number of the compiler in hex. Version 2.0.1 of the - compiler will have this macro defined as 0x0201. - - __CBM__ This macro is defined if the target system is one of the - CBM targets. - - __C64__ This macro is defined if the target is the c64 (-t c64). - - __C128__ This macro is defined if the target is the c128 (-t c128). - - __PLUS4__ This macro is defined if the target is the plus/4 - (-t plus4). - - __CBM610__ This macro is defined if the target is one of the CBM - 600/700 family of computers (called B series in the US). - - __PET__ This macro is defined if the target is the PET family of - computers (-t pet). - - __NES__ This macro is defined if the target is the Nintendo - Entertainment System (-t nes). - - __ATARI__ This macro is defined if the target is one of the Atari - computers (400/800/130XL/800XL). Note that there is no - runtime and C library support for atari systems. - - __ACE__ This macro is defined if the target is Bruce Craigs ACE - operating system. Note that there is no longer runtime - and library support for ACE. - - __APPLE2__ This macro is defined if the target is the Apple ][ - (-t apple2). - - __GEOS__ This macro is defined if you are compiling for the GEOS - system (-t geos). - - __FILE__ This macro expands to a string containing the name of - the C source file. - - __LINE__ This macro expands to the current line number. - - __STRICT_ANSI__ This macro is defined to 1 if the -A compiler option was - given, and undefined otherwise. - - __OPT__ Is defined if the compiler was called with the -O command - line option. - - __OPT_i__ Is defined if the compiler was called with the -Oi command - line option. - - __OPT_r__ Is defined if the compiler was called with the -Or command - line option. - - __OPT_s__ Is defined if the compiler was called with the -Os command - line option. - - - -7. #pragmas ------------ - -The compiler understands some pragmas that may be used to change code -generation and other stuff. - - -#pragma bssseg () - - This pragma changes the name used for the BSS segment (the BSS segment - is used to store uninitialized data). The argument is a string enclosed - in double quotes. - - Note: The default linker configuration file does only map the standard - segments. If you use other segments, you have to create a new linker - configuration file. - - Beware: The startup code will zero only the default BSS segment. If you - use another BSS segment, you have to do that yourself, otherwise - uninitialized variables do not have the value zero. - - Example: - - #pragma bssseg ("MyBSS") - - -#pragma codeseg () - - This pragma changes the name used for the CODE segment (the CODE segment - is used to store executable code). The argument is a string enclosed in - double quotes. - - Note: The default linker configuration file does only map the standard - segments. If you use other segments, you have to create a new linker - configuration file. - - Example: - - #pragma bssseg ("MyCODE") - - -#pragma dataseg () - - This pragma changes the name used for the DATA segment (the DATA segment - is used to store initialized data). The argument is a string enclosed in - double quotes. - - Note: The default linker configuration file does only map the standard - segments. If you use other segments, you have to create a new linker - configuration file. - - Example: - - #pragma bssseg ("MyDATA") - - -#pragma rodataseg () - - This pragma changes the name used for the RODATA segment (the RODATA - segment is used to store readonly data). The argument is a string - enclosed in double quotes. - - Note: The default linker configuration file does only map the standard - segments. If you use other segments, you have to create a new linker - configuration file. - - Example: - - #pragma bssseg ("MyRODATA") - - -#pragma regvaraddr () - - The compiler does not allow to take the address of register variables. - The regvaraddr pragma changes this. Taking the address of a register - variable is allowed after using this pragma, if the argument is not - zero. Using an argument of zero changes back to the default behaviour. - - Beware: The C standard does not allow taking the address of a variable - declared as register. So your programs become non-portable if you use - this pragma. In addition, your program may not work. This is usually the - case if a subroutine is called with the address of a register variable, - and this subroutine (or a subroutine called from there) uses itself - register variables. So be careful with this #pragma. - - Example: - - #pragma regvaraddr(1) /* Allow taking the address - * of register variables - */ - - -#pragma signedchars () - - Changed the signedness of the default character type. If the argument - is not zero, default characters are signed, otherwise characters are - unsigned. The compiler default is to make characters unsigned since this - creates a lot better code. - - -#pragma staticlocals () - - Use variables in the bss segment instead of variables on the stack. This - pragma changes the default set by the compiler option -Cl. If the argument - is not zero, local variables are allocated in the BSS segment, leading to - shorter and in most cases faster, but non-reentrant code. - - -#pragma zpsym () - - Tell the compiler that the - previously as external declared - symbol with - the given name is a zero page symbol (usually from an assembler file). - The compiler will create a matching import declaration for the assembler. - - Example: - - extern int foo; - #pragma zpsym ("foo"); /* foo is in the zeropage */ - - - -8. Bugs/Feedback ----------------- - -If you have problems using the compiler, if you find any bugs, or if -you're doing something interesting with the compiler, I would be glad to -hear from you. Feel free to contact me by email (uz@musoftware.de). - - - -9. Copyright ------------- - -This is the original compiler copyright: - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -*- Mode: Text -*- - - This is the copyright notice for RA65, LINK65, LIBR65, and other - Atari 8-bit programs. Said programs are Copyright 1989, by John R. - Dunning. All rights reserved, with the following exceptions: - - Anyone may copy or redistribute these programs, provided that: - - 1: You don't charge anything for the copy. It is permissable to - charge a nominal fee for media, etc. - - 2: All source code and documentation for the programs is made - available as part of the distribution. - - 3: This copyright notice is preserved verbatim, and included in - the distribution. - - You are allowed to modify these programs, and redistribute the - modified versions, provided that the modifications are clearly noted. - - There is NO WARRANTY with this software, it comes as is, and is - distributed in the hope that it may be useful. - - This copyright notice applies to any program which contains - this text, or the refers to this file. - - This copyright notice is based on the one published by the Free - Software Foundation, sometimes known as the GNU project. The idea - is the same as theirs, ie the software is free, and is intended to - stay that way. Everybody has the right to copy, modify, and re- - distribute this software. Nobody has the right to prevent anyone - else from copying, modifying or redistributing it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -In acknowledgment of this copyright, I will place my own changes to the -compiler under the same copyright. Please note however, that the library -and all binutils are covered by another copyright, and that I'm planning -to do a complete rewrite of the compiler, after which the compiler -copyright will also change. - -For the list of changes requested by this copyright see newvers.txt. - - - diff --git a/doc/dio.sgml b/doc/dio.sgml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1ec110cb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/dio.sgml @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ + + +
+Diskette Sector I/O Routines +<author>Christian Groessler, <htmlurl url="mailto:cpg@aladdin.de" name="cpg@aladdin.de"> +<date>21.11.2000 + +<abstract> +The cc65 library provides functions to read and write raw disk sectors. +Include the dio.h header file to get the necessary definitions. +</abstract> + +<!-- Table of contents --> +<toc> + +<!-- Begin the document --> + +<sect>Opening the disk for low level I/O<p> + +Prior to using these functions a handle to the drive has to be obtained. This +is done with the <tt>dio_open</tt> function. After use, the handle should be +released with the <tt>dio_close</tt> function. + +<tscreen><verb> + dhandle_t __fastcall__ dio_open (driveid_t drive_id); +</verb></tscreen> + +The <tt>drive_id</tt> specifies the drive to access, with 0 being the first +disk drive, 1 the second, and so on. + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_close (dhandle_t handle); +</verb></tscreen> + +Closes a handle obtained by <tt>dio_open</tt>. Returns status code. +<p> + +<sect>Reading and writing sectors<p> + +The read and write functions are: + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_read (dhandle_t handle, + sectnum_t sect_num, + void *buffer); +</verb></tscreen> + +This function will read the sector specified by sect_num into the memory +location at buffer. + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_write (dhandle_t handle, + sectnum_t sect_num, + const void *buffer); +</verb></tscreen> + +This function will write the memory contents at buffer to the sector specified +by <tt>sect_num</tt>. No verify is performed. + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_write_verify (dhandle_t handle, + sectnum_t sect_num, + const void *buffer); +</verb></tscreen> + +This function will write the memory contents at buffer to the sector specified +by <tt>sect_num</tt>. A verification is performed. +<p> + +All these functions will return 0 for success and an OS specific error code in +case of failure. +<p> + + +<sect>Converting sector numbers<p> + +Since the read and write functions expect a sector number, for systems where +the sectors aren't addressed by a logical sector number (e.g. CBM drives), +there are 2 conversion functions. One of them converts a logical sector number +to a head/track/sector triple. The other conversion function works the other +way round. + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_phys_to_log (dhandle_t handle, + const dio_phys_pos *physpos, + sectnum_t *sectnum); +</verb></tscreen> + +This function converts track/head/sector to logical sector number. + +<tscreen><verb> + unsigned char __fastcall__ dio_log_to_phys(_dhandle_t handle, + const _sectnum_t *sectnum, + dio_phys_pos *physpos); +</verb></tscreen> + +This function converts a logical sector number to track/head/sector notation. +<p> + +Note, that on systems which natively use logical sector numbers (e.g. Atari), +the conversion functions are dummies. They ignore head/track +(<tt>dio_phys_to_log</tt>) or return them as zero (<tt>dio_log_to_phys</tt>). +The logical sector number is returned as physical sector and vice versa. +<p> + + +</article> + + +