2 # Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
4 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
7 Device Tree Control in U-Boot
8 =============================
10 This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flat
11 device tree (fdt). U-Boot configuration has traditionally been done
12 using CONFIG options in the board config file. This feature aims to
13 make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support multiple boards,
14 with the exact configuration of each board controlled by a flat device
15 tree (fdt). This is the approach recently taken by the ARM Linux kernel
16 and has been used by PowerPC for some time.
18 The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
19 for three reasons. Firstly it is easy to use, being a simple text file.
20 It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
23 Finally, there is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a
24 compiler checks the text file and converts it to a compact binary
25 format, and a library is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for
28 The dts directory contains a Makefile for building the device tree blob
29 and embedding it in your U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows
30 U-Boot to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have
31 a number of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe
32 the features of each board in the device tree file, and have a single
35 To enable this feature, add CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to your board config file.
38 What is a Flat Device Tree?
39 ---------------------------
41 An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
42 the fdt syntax, take a look at the specification here:
44 https://www.power.org/resources/downloads/Power_ePAPR_APPROVED_v1.0.pdf
46 You also might find this section of the Linux kernel documentation
47 useful: (access this in the Linux kernel source code)
49 Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
51 There is also a mailing list:
53 http://lists.ozlabs.org/listinfo/devicetree-discuss
55 In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware.
61 To use this feature you will need to get the device tree compiler here:
63 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
67 $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
72 Then run the compiler (your version will vary):
75 Version: DTC 1.2.0-g2cb4b51f
79 ********** TEST SUMMARY
80 * Total testcases: 1371
83 * Bad configuration: 0
84 * Strange test result: 0
86 You will also find a useful fdtdump utility for decoding a binary file, as
87 well as fdtget/fdtput for reading and writing properties in a binary file.
90 Where do I get an fdt file for my board?
91 ----------------------------------------
93 You may find that the Linux kernel has a suitable file. Look in the
94 kernel source in arch/<arch>/boot/dts.
96 If not you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
97 modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
100 Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!
108 #define CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE "<name>"
110 to set the filename of the device tree source. Then put your device tree
113 board/<vendor>/dts/<name>.dts
115 This should include your CPU or SOC's device tree file, placed in
116 arch/<arch>/dts, and then make any adjustments required.
118 If CONFIG_OF_EMBED is defined, then it will be picked up and built into
119 the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin). This is suitable for debugging
120 and development only and is not recommended for production devices.
122 If CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE is defined, then it will be built and placed in
123 a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot.bin. A common approach is then to
126 cat u-boot.bin u-boot.dtb >image.bin
128 and then flash image.bin onto your board. Note that U-Boot creates
129 u-boot-dtb.bin which does the above step for you also. If you are using
130 CONFIG_SPL_FRAMEWORK, then u-boot.img will be built to include the device
133 If CONFIG_OF_HOSTFILE is defined, then it will be read from a file on
134 startup. This is only useful for sandbox. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to
135 specify the file to read.
137 You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.
139 To use a device tree file that you have compiled yourself, pass
140 EXT_DTB=<filename> to 'make', as in:
142 make EXT_DTB=boot/am335x-boneblack-pubkey.dtb
144 Then U-Boot will copy that file to u-boot.dtb, put it in the .img file
145 if used, and u-boot-dtb.bin.
147 If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
148 define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
149 address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
150 Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
151 when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
152 possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
153 environment, for example (it will be ignored). After relocation, this
154 variable will be set to the address of the newly relocated fdt blob.
155 It is read-only and cannot be changed. It can optionally be used to
156 control the boot process of Linux with bootm/bootz commands.
158 To use this, put something like this in your board header file:
160 #define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS "fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"
164 After board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be build in two ways:
165 1) build the default dts which is defined from CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE
167 2) build the user specified dts file
168 $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>
174 U-Boot is designed to build with a single architecture type and CPU
175 type. So for example it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
176 which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
177 the various features. This is because you must select one of
178 the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
179 time. Similarly you cannot build for multiple cpu types or
182 That said the complexity reduction by using fdt to support variants of
183 boards which use the same SOC / CPU can be substantial.
185 It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
186 available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
187 you must still have the CONFIG option to enable the driver. For example,
188 you need to define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550 to bring in the NS16550 driver,
189 but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
190 In very broad terms, the CONFIG options in general control *what* driver
191 files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.
194 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>