1 <!doctype linuxdoc system>
5 <title>Commodore 64-specific information for cc65
6 <author><url url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="Ullrich von Bassewitz">
10 An overview over the C64 runtime system as it is implemented for the cc65 C
14 <!-- Table of contents -->
17 <!-- Begin the document -->
21 This file contains an overview of the C64 runtime system as it comes with the
22 cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, C64-specific header files,
23 available drivers, and any pitfalls specific to that platform.
25 Please note that C64-specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
26 described in detail in the separate <url url="funcref.html" name="function
27 reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may be available on
28 more than one platform. Please see the function reference for more
32 <sect>Binary format<p>
34 The standard binary output format generated by the linker for the C64 target
35 is a machine language program with a one line BASIC stub, which calls the
36 machine language part via SYS. This means that a program can be loaded as
37 BASIC program and started with RUN. It is of course possible to change this
38 behaviour by using a modified startup file and linker config.
41 <sect>Memory layout<p>
43 cc65 generated programs with the default setup run with the I/O area and the
44 kernal ROM enabled (memory under the kernal may be used for graphics or as
45 extended memory - see the sections about graphics and extended memory
46 drivers). The BASIC ROM is disabled, which gives a usable memory range of
47 $0800 - $CFFF. This means that kernal entry points may be called
48 directly, but using the BASIC ROM is not possible without additional code.
54 The text screen is located at $400 (as in the standard setup).
57 The C runtime stack is located at $CFFF and growing downwards.
60 The C heap is located at the end of the program and grows towards the C
66 <sect>Linker configurations<p>
68 The ld65 linker comes with a default config file for the Commodore 64,
69 which is used via <tt/-t c64/. The
70 c64 package comes with additional secondary linker config files, which are
71 used via <tt/-t c64 -C <configfile>/.
74 <sect1>default config file (<tt/c64.cfg/)<p>
76 The default configuration is tailored to C programs. It supplies the load
77 address and a small BASIC stub that starts the compiled program using a SYS
81 <sect1><tt/c64-asm.cfg/<p>
83 This configuration is made for assembler programmers who don't need a special
84 setup. The default start address is $801. It can be changed with the
85 linker command line option <tt/--start-addr/. All standard segments with the
86 exception of <tt/zeropage/ are written to the output file and a two byte load
89 To use this config file, assemble with <tt/-t c64/ and link with <tt/-C
90 c64-asm.cfg/. The former will make sure that correct character translation is
91 in effect, while the latter supplies the actual config. When using <tt/cl65/,
92 use both command line options.
94 Sample command line for <tt/cl65/:
97 cl65 -o file.prg -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
100 To generate code that loads to $C000:
103 cl65 -o file.prg --start-addr $C000 -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
106 It is also possible to add a small BASIC header to the program, that uses SYS
107 to jump to the program entry point (which is the start of the code segment).
108 The advantage is that the program can be started using RUN.
110 To generate a program with a BASIC SYS header, use
113 cl65 -o file.prg -u __EXEHDR__ -t c64 -C c64-asm.cfg source.s
116 Please note that in this case a changed start address doesn't make sense,
117 since the program must be loaded to the BASIC start address.
121 <sect1>80 Columns conio driver<p>
123 The C64 package comes with an alternative software driven 80 columns
124 module <tt/c64-soft80.o/ which uses the memory under I/O between $d000
127 In memory constrained situations the memory from $400 to $7FF
128 can be made available to a program by calling <tt/_heapadd ((void *) 0x400, 0x400);/
129 at the beginning of <tt/main()/. Doing so is beneficial even if the program
130 doesn't use the the heap explicitly because loading a driver (and in fact
131 already opening a driver file) uses the heap implicitly.
133 Using <tt/c64-soft80.o/ is as simple as placing it on the linker command
137 cl65 -t c64 myprog.c c64-soft80.o
140 Note that the soft80 conio driver is incompatible with the
141 <tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/ extended memory driver and the
142 <tt/c64-hi.tgi (c64_hi_tgi)/ graphics driver.
144 <sect2>80 Columns conio driver (monochrome)<p>
146 In an (even more) memory constrained situation, a size optimized version of the
147 software driven 80 columns module may be used, which only supports one common
148 text color for the whole screen.
151 cl65 -t c64 myprog.c c64-soft80mono.o
154 <sect>Platform-specific header files<p>
156 Programs containing C64-specific code may use the <tt/c64.h/ or <tt/cbm.h/
157 header files. Using the later may be an option when writing code for more than
158 one CBM platform, since it includes <tt/c64.h/ and declares several functions
159 common to all CBM platforms.
162 <sect1>C64-specific functions<p>
164 The functions listed below are special for the C64. See the <url
165 url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and usage.
172 <sect1>CBM-specific functions<p>
174 Some functions are available for all (or at least most) of the Commodore
175 machines. See the <url url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for
176 declaration and usage.
204 <sect1>Hardware access<p>
206 The following pseudo variables declared in the <tt/c64.h/ header file do allow
207 access to hardware located in the address space. Some variables are
208 structures, accessing the struct fields will access the chip registers.
213 The <tt/VIC/ structure allows access to the VIC II (the graphics
214 controller). See the <tt/_vic2.h/ header file located in the include
215 directory for the declaration of the structure.
218 The <tt/SID/ structure allows access to the SID (the sound interface
219 device). See the <tt/_sid.h/ header file located in the include directory
220 for the declaration of the structure.
222 <tag><tt/CIA1, CIA2/</tag>
223 Access to the two CIA (complex interface adapter) chips is available via
224 the <tt/CIA1/ and <tt/CIA2/ variables. The structure behind these variables
225 is explained in <tt/_6526.h/.
227 <tag><tt/COLOR_RAM/</tag>
228 A character array that mirrors the color RAM of the C64 at $D800.
234 <sect>Loadable drivers<p>
236 The names in the parentheses denote the symbols to be used for static linking of the drivers.
239 <sect1>Graphics drivers<p>
241 <em>Note:</em> All available graphics drivers for the TGI interface will use
242 the space below the I/O area and kernal ROM, so you can have hires graphics in
243 the standard setup without any memory loss or need for a changed
247 <tag><tt/c64-hi.tgi (c64_hi_tgi)/</tag>
248 This driver features a resolution of 320*200 with two colors and an
249 adjustable palette (that means that the two colors can be chosen out of a
250 palette of the 16 C64 colors).
253 Note that the graphics drivers are incompatible with the
254 <tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/ extended memory driver and the
255 <tt/c64-soft80.o/ software 80 columns conio driver.
257 <sect1>Extended memory drivers<p>
261 <tag><tt/c64-c256k.emd (c64_c256k_emd)/</tag>
262 A driver for the C64 256K memory expansion. This driver offers 768 pages of
263 256 bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
265 <tag><tt/c64-dqbb.emd (c64_dqbb_emd)/</tag>
266 A driver for the Double Quick Brown Box cartridge. This driver offers
267 64 pages of 256 bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
269 <tag><tt/c64-georam.emd (c64_georam_emd)/</tag>
270 A driver for the Berkeley Softworks GeoRam cartridge. The driver will
271 determine the available RAM from the connected cartridge. It supports 64KB
274 <tag><tt/c64-isepic.emd (c64_isepic_emd)/</tag>
275 A driver for the ISEPIC cartridge. This driver offers just 8 pages of 256
276 bytes each. Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
278 <tag><tt/c64-ram.emd (c64_ram_emd)/</tag>
279 A driver for the hidden RAM below the I/O area and kernal ROM. Supports 48
280 256 byte pages. Please note that this driver is incompatible with any of the
281 graphics drivers, or the soft80 conio driver!
283 <tag><tt/c64-ramcart.emd (c64_ramcart_emd)/</tag>
284 A driver for the RamCart 64/128 written and contributed by Maciej Witkowiak.
285 Will test the hardware for the available RAM.
287 <tag><tt/c64-reu.emd (c64_reu_emd)/</tag>
288 A driver for the CBM REUs. The driver will determine from the connected REU
289 if it supports 128KB of RAM or more. In the latter case, 256KB are assumed,
290 but since there are no range checks, the application can use more memory if
291 it has better knowledge about the hardware than the driver.
293 <tag><tt/c64-vdc.emd (c64_vdc_emd)/</tag>
294 A driver for the VDC memory of the C128. Written and contributed by Maciej
295 Witkowiak. Can be used if the program is running in C64 mode of the C128.
296 Autodetects the amount of memory available (16 or 64K) and offers 64 or 256
297 pages of 256 bytes each.
299 <tag><tt/dtv-himem.emd (dtv_himem_emd)/</tag>
300 A driver for the C64 D2TV (the second or PAL version). This driver offers
301 indeed 7680 pages of 256 bytes each.
306 <sect1>Joystick drivers<p>
308 The default drivers, <tt/joy_stddrv (joy_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c64-stdjoy.joy (c64_stdjoy_joy)/.
312 <tag><tt/c64-hitjoy.joy (c64_hitjoy_joy)/</tag>
313 Driver for the Digital Excess & Hitmen adapter contributed by Groepaz.
314 See <url url="http://www.digitalexcess.de/downloads/productions.php"> on
315 instructions how to build one. Up to four joysticks are supported.
317 <tag><tt/c64-ptvjoy.joy (c64_ptvjoy_joy)/</tag>
318 Driver for the Protovision 4-player adapter contributed by Groepaz. See
319 <url url="http://www.protovision-online.de/hardw/hardwstart.htm"> for prices and
320 building instructions. Up to four joysticks are supported.
322 <tag><tt/c64-stdjoy.joy (c64_stdjoy_joy)/</tag>
323 Supports up to two standard joysticks connected to the joysticks port of
326 <tag><tt/c64-numpad.joy (c64_numpad_joy)/</tag>
327 Supports one joystick emulated by the numberpad of the C128 in C64 mode,
328 the firebutton is labeled &dquot;5&dquot; and ENTER.
333 <sect1>Mouse drivers<p>
335 The default drivers, <tt/mouse_stddrv (mouse_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c64-1351.mou (c64_1351_mou)/.
339 <tag><tt/c64-1351.mou (c64_1351_mou)/</tag>
340 Supports a standard mouse connected to port #0 of the C64.
342 <tag><tt/c64-inkwell.mou (c64_inkwell_mou)/</tag>
343 Supports the Inkwell Systems lightpens, connected to port #0 of the C64.
344 It can read both the one-button 170-C and the two-button 184-C pens. (It can
345 read other lightpens and light-guns that send their button signal to the
346 joystick left-button pin or the paddle Y [up/down] pin.)
348 <tag><tt/c64-joy.mou (c64_joy_mou)/</tag>
349 Supports a mouse emulated by a standard joystick, e.g. 1350 mouse, in port
352 <tag><tt/c64-pot.mou (c64_pot_mou)/</tag>
353 Supports a potentiometer device, e.g. Koala Pad, connected to port #1 of
359 <sect1>RS232 device drivers<p>
363 <tag><tt/c64-swlink.ser (c64_swlink_ser)/</tag>
364 Driver for the SwiftLink cartridge. Supports up to 38400 BPS, hardware flow
365 control (RTS/CTS), and interrupt-driven receives. Note that, because of the
366 peculiarities of the 6551 chip, together with the use of the NMI, transmits
367 are not interrupt driven; and, the transceiver blocks if the receiver asserts
368 flow control because of a full buffer.
381 <sect1>Escape code<p>
383 For an Esc, press CTRL and the <tt/[/ key.
386 <sect1>Passing arguments to the program<p>
388 Command-line arguments can be passed to <tt/main()/. Since this is not
389 supported directly by BASIC, the following syntax was chosen:
392 RUN:REM ARG1 " ARG2 IS QUOTED" ARG3 "" ARG5
396 <item>Arguments are separated by spaces.
397 <item>Arguments may be quoted.
398 <item>Leading and trailing spaces around an argument are ignored. Spaces within
399 a quoted argument are allowed.
400 <item>The first argument passed to <tt/main()/ is the program name.
401 <item>A maximum number of 10 arguments (including the program name) are
406 <sect1>Program return code<p>
408 The program return code (low byte) is passed back to BASIC by use of the
414 The runtime for the C64 uses routines marked as <tt/.INTERRUPTOR/ for
415 interrupt handlers. Such routines must be written as simple machine language
416 subroutines and will be called automatically by the interrupt handler code
417 when they are linked into a program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/
418 feature in the <url url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
424 This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
425 warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
426 arising from the use of this software.
428 Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
429 including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
430 freely, subject to the following restrictions:
433 <item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
434 claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
435 in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
436 appreciated but is not required.
437 <item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
438 be misrepresented as being the original software.
439 <item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source