1 /***************************************************************************
2 * Copyright (C) 2011 by Mathias Kuester *
5 * Copyright (C) 2011 sleep(5) ltd *
6 * tomas@sleepfive.com *
8 * Copyright (C) 2012 by Christopher D. Kilgour *
9 * techie at whiterocker.com *
11 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
12 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
13 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
14 * (at your option) any later version. *
16 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *
17 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
18 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the *
19 * GNU General Public License for more details. *
21 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License *
22 * along with this program; if not, write to the *
23 * Free Software Foundation, Inc., *
24 * 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. *
25 ***************************************************************************/
32 #include "helper/binarybuffer.h"
35 * Implementation Notes
37 * The persistent memories in the Kinetis chip families K10 through
38 * K70 are all manipulated with the Flash Memory Module. Some
39 * variants call this module the FTFE, others call it the FTFL. To
40 * indicate that both are considered here, we use FTFX.
42 * Within the module, according to the chip variant, the persistent
43 * memory is divided into what Freescale terms Program Flash, FlexNVM,
44 * and FlexRAM. All chip variants have Program Flash. Some chip
45 * variants also have FlexNVM and FlexRAM, which always appear
48 * A given Kinetis chip may have 2 or 4 blocks of flash. Here we map
49 * each block to a separate bank. Each block size varies by chip and
50 * may be determined by the read-only SIM_FCFG1 register. The sector
51 * size within each bank/block varies by the chip granularity as
54 * Kinetis offers four different of flash granularities applicable
55 * across the chip families. The granularity is apparently reflected
56 * by at least the reference manual suffix. For example, for chip
57 * MK60FN1M0VLQ12, reference manual K60P144M150SF3RM ends in "SF3RM",
58 * where the "3" indicates there are four flash blocks with 4kiB
59 * sectors. All possible granularities are indicated below.
61 * The first half of the flash (1 or 2 blocks, depending on the
62 * granularity) is always Program Flash and always starts at address
63 * 0x00000000. The "PFLSH" flag, bit 23 of the read-only SIM_FCFG2
64 * register, determines whether the second half of the flash is also
65 * Program Flash or FlexNVM+FlexRAM. When PFLSH is set, the second
66 * half of flash is Program Flash and is contiguous in the memory map
67 * from the first half. When PFLSH is clear, the second half of flash
68 * is FlexNVM and always starts at address 0x10000000. FlexRAM, which
69 * is also present when PFLSH is clear, always starts at address
72 * The Flash Memory Module provides a register set where flash
73 * commands are loaded to perform flash operations like erase and
74 * program. Different commands are available depending on whether
75 * Program Flash or FlexNVM/FlexRAM is being manipulated. Although
76 * the commands used are quite consistent between flash blocks, the
77 * parameters they accept differ according to the flash granularity.
78 * Some Kinetis chips have different granularity between Program Flash
79 * and FlexNVM/FlexRAM, so flash command arguments may differ between
80 * blocks in the same chip.
82 * Although not documented as such by Freescale, it appears that bits
83 * 8:7 of the read-only SIM_SDID register reflect the granularity
84 * settings 0..3, so sector sizes and block counts are applicable
85 * according to the following table.
88 unsigned pflash_sector_size_bytes;
89 unsigned nvm_sector_size_bytes;
91 } kinetis_flash_params[4] = {
99 #define FLEXRAM 0x14000000
100 #define FTFx_FSTAT 0x40020000
101 #define FTFx_FCNFG 0x40020001
102 #define FTFx_FCCOB3 0x40020004
103 #define FTFx_FPROT3 0x40020010
104 #define SIM_SDID 0x40048024
105 #define SIM_FCFG1 0x4004804c
106 #define SIM_FCFG2 0x40048050
109 #define FTFx_CMD_BLOCKSTAT 0x00
110 #define FTFx_CMD_SECTSTAT 0x01
111 #define FTFx_CMD_LWORDPROG 0x06
112 #define FTFx_CMD_SECTERASE 0x09
113 #define FTFx_CMD_SECTWRITE 0x0b
114 #define FTFx_CMD_SETFLEXRAM 0x81
116 struct kinetis_flash_bank {
117 unsigned granularity;
118 unsigned bank_ordinal;
119 uint32_t sector_size;
120 uint32_t protection_size;
134 FLASH_BANK_COMMAND_HANDLER(kinetis_flash_bank_command)
136 struct kinetis_flash_bank *bank_info;
139 return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
141 LOG_INFO("add flash_bank kinetis %s", bank->name);
143 bank_info = malloc(sizeof(struct kinetis_flash_bank));
145 memset(bank_info, 0, sizeof(struct kinetis_flash_bank));
147 bank->driver_priv = bank_info;
152 static int kinetis_protect(struct flash_bank *bank, int set, int first,
155 LOG_WARNING("kinetis_protect not supported yet");
158 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
159 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
160 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
163 return ERROR_FLASH_BANK_INVALID;
166 static int kinetis_protect_check(struct flash_bank *bank)
168 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
170 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
171 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
172 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
175 if (kinfo->flash_class == FC_PFLASH) {
178 uint32_t fprot, psec;
181 /* read protection register */
182 result = target_read_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FPROT3, 1, 4, buffer);
184 if (result != ERROR_OK)
187 fprot = target_buffer_get_u32(bank->target, buffer);
190 * Every bit protects 1/32 of the full flash (not necessarily
191 * just this bank), but we enforce the bank ordinals for
192 * PFlash to start at zero.
194 b = kinfo->bank_ordinal * (bank->size / kinfo->protection_size);
195 for (psec = 0, i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++) {
196 if ((fprot >> b) & 1)
197 bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 0;
199 bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 1;
201 psec += bank->sectors[i].size;
203 if (psec >= kinfo->protection_size) {
209 LOG_ERROR("Protection checks for FlexNVM not yet supported");
210 return ERROR_FLASH_BANK_INVALID;
216 static int kinetis_ftfx_command(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t w0,
217 uint32_t w1, uint32_t w2, uint8_t *ftfx_fstat)
223 for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
225 target_read_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FSTAT, 1, 1, buffer);
227 if (result != ERROR_OK)
230 if (buffer[0] & 0x80)
236 if (buffer[0] != 0x80) {
237 /* reset error flags */
240 target_write_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FSTAT, 1, 1, buffer);
241 if (result != ERROR_OK)
245 target_buffer_set_u32(bank->target, buffer, w0);
246 target_buffer_set_u32(bank->target, buffer + 4, w1);
247 target_buffer_set_u32(bank->target, buffer + 8, w2);
249 result = target_write_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FCCOB3, 4, 3, buffer);
251 if (result != ERROR_OK)
256 result = target_write_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FSTAT, 1, 1, buffer);
257 if (result != ERROR_OK)
261 for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
263 target_read_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FSTAT, 1, 1, ftfx_fstat);
265 if (result != ERROR_OK)
268 if (*ftfx_fstat & 0x80)
272 if ((*ftfx_fstat & 0xf0) != 0x80) {
274 ("ftfx command failed FSTAT: %02X W0: %08X W1: %08X W2: %08X",
275 *ftfx_fstat, w0, w1, w2);
277 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
283 static int kinetis_erase(struct flash_bank *bank, int first, int last)
286 uint32_t w0 = 0, w1 = 0, w2 = 0;
288 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
289 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
290 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
293 if ((first > bank->num_sectors) || (last > bank->num_sectors))
294 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
297 * FIXME: TODO: use the 'Erase Flash Block' command if the
298 * requested erase is PFlash or NVM and encompasses the entire
299 * block. Should be quicker.
301 for (i = first; i <= last; i++) {
303 /* set command and sector address */
304 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_SECTERASE << 24) | (bank->base + bank->sectors[i].offset);
306 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
308 if (result != ERROR_OK) {
309 LOG_WARNING("erase sector %d failed", i);
310 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
313 bank->sectors[i].is_erased = 1;
318 ("flash configuration field erased, please reset the device");
324 static int kinetis_write(struct flash_bank *bank, uint8_t *buffer,
325 uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
327 unsigned int i, result, fallback = 0;
329 uint32_t wc, w0 = 0, w1 = 0, w2 = 0;
330 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
332 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
333 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
334 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
337 if (kinfo->flash_class == FC_FLEX_NVM) {
340 LOG_DEBUG("flash write into FlexNVM @%08X", offset);
342 /* make flex ram available */
343 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_SETFLEXRAM << 24) | 0x00ff0000;
345 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
347 if (result != ERROR_OK)
348 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
350 /* check if ram ready */
351 result = target_read_memory(bank->target, FTFx_FCNFG, 1, 1, buf);
353 if (result != ERROR_OK)
356 if (!(buf[0] & (1 << 1))) {
357 /* fallback to longword write */
360 LOG_WARNING("ram not ready, fallback to slow longword write (FCNFG: %02X)",
364 LOG_DEBUG("flash write into PFLASH @08%X", offset);
368 /* program section command */
370 unsigned prog_section_bytes = kinfo->sector_size >> 8;
371 for (i = 0; i < count; i += kinfo->sector_size) {
373 * The largest possible Kinetis "section" is
374 * 16 bytes. A full Kinetis sector is always
377 uint8_t residual_buffer[16];
379 uint32_t section_count = 256;
380 uint32_t residual_wc = 0;
383 * Assume the word count covers an entire
386 wc = kinfo->sector_size / 4;
389 * If bytes to be programmed are less than the
390 * full sector, then determine the number of
391 * full-words to program, and put together the
392 * residual buffer so that a full "section"
393 * may always be programmed.
395 if ((count - i) < kinfo->sector_size) {
396 /* number of bytes to program beyond full section */
397 unsigned residual_bc = (count-i) % prog_section_bytes;
399 /* number of complete words to copy directly from buffer */
400 wc = (count - i) / 4;
402 /* number of total sections to write, including residual */
403 section_count = DIV_ROUND_UP((count-i), prog_section_bytes);
405 /* any residual bytes delivers a whole residual section */
406 residual_wc = (residual_bc ? prog_section_bytes : 0)/4;
408 /* clear residual buffer then populate residual bytes */
409 (void) memset(residual_buffer, 0xff, prog_section_bytes);
410 (void) memcpy(residual_buffer, &buffer[i+4*wc], residual_bc);
413 LOG_DEBUG("write section @ %08X with length %d bytes",
414 offset + i, (count - i));
416 /* write data to flexram as whole-words */
417 result = target_write_memory(bank->target, FLEXRAM, 4, wc,
420 if (result != ERROR_OK) {
421 LOG_ERROR("target_write_memory failed");
425 /* write the residual words to the flexram */
427 result = target_write_memory(bank->target,
432 if (result != ERROR_OK) {
433 LOG_ERROR("target_write_memory failed");
438 /* execute section-write command */
439 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_SECTWRITE << 24) | (bank->base + offset + i);
440 w1 = section_count << 16;
442 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
444 if (result != ERROR_OK)
445 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
448 /* program longword command, not supported in "SF3" devices */
449 else if (kinfo->granularity != 3) {
450 for (i = 0; i < count; i += 4) {
453 LOG_DEBUG("write longword @ %08X", offset + i);
455 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_LWORDPROG << 24) | (bank->base + offset + i);
457 uint32_t padding = 0xffffffff;
458 memcpy(&padding, buffer + i, count - i);
459 w1 = buf_get_u32(&padding, 0, 32);
461 w1 = buf_get_u32(buffer + i, 0, 32);
464 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
466 if (result != ERROR_OK)
467 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
470 LOG_ERROR("Flash write strategy not implemented");
471 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
477 static int kinetis_read_part_info(struct flash_bank *bank)
482 uint8_t fcfg1_nvmsize, fcfg1_pfsize, fcfg1_eesize, fcfg2_pflsh;
483 uint32_t nvm_size = 0, pf_size = 0, ee_size = 0;
484 unsigned granularity, num_blocks = 0, num_pflash_blocks = 0, num_nvm_blocks = 0,
485 first_nvm_bank = 0, reassign = 0;
486 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
488 result = target_read_memory(bank->target, SIM_SDID, 1, 4, buf);
489 if (result != ERROR_OK)
491 kinfo->sim_sdid = target_buffer_get_u32(bank->target, buf);
492 granularity = (kinfo->sim_sdid >> 7) & 0x03;
494 result = target_read_memory(bank->target, SIM_FCFG1, 1, 4, buf);
495 if (result != ERROR_OK)
497 kinfo->sim_fcfg1 = target_buffer_get_u32(bank->target, buf);
499 result = target_read_memory(bank->target, SIM_FCFG2, 1, 4, buf);
500 if (result != ERROR_OK)
502 kinfo->sim_fcfg2 = target_buffer_get_u32(bank->target, buf);
503 fcfg2_pflsh = (kinfo->sim_fcfg2 >> 23) & 0x01;
505 LOG_DEBUG("SDID: %08X FCFG1: %08X FCFG2: %08X", kinfo->sim_sdid,
506 kinfo->sim_fcfg1, kinfo->sim_fcfg2);
508 fcfg1_nvmsize = (uint8_t)((kinfo->sim_fcfg1 >> 28) & 0x0f);
509 fcfg1_pfsize = (uint8_t)((kinfo->sim_fcfg1 >> 24) & 0x0f);
510 fcfg1_eesize = (uint8_t)((kinfo->sim_fcfg1 >> 16) & 0x0f);
512 /* when the PFLSH bit is set, there is no FlexNVM/FlexRAM */
514 switch (fcfg1_nvmsize) {
519 nvm_size = 1 << (14 + (fcfg1_nvmsize >> 1));
522 if (granularity == 3)
532 switch (fcfg1_eesize) {
543 ee_size = (16 << (10 - fcfg1_eesize));
551 switch (fcfg1_pfsize) {
558 pf_size = 1 << (14 + (fcfg1_pfsize >> 1));
561 if (granularity == 3)
563 else if (fcfg2_pflsh)
573 LOG_DEBUG("FlexNVM: %d PFlash: %d FlexRAM: %d PFLSH: %d",
574 nvm_size, pf_size, ee_size, fcfg2_pflsh);
576 num_blocks = kinetis_flash_params[granularity].num_blocks;
577 num_pflash_blocks = num_blocks / (2 - fcfg2_pflsh);
578 first_nvm_bank = num_pflash_blocks;
579 num_nvm_blocks = num_blocks - num_pflash_blocks;
581 LOG_DEBUG("%d blocks total: %d PFlash, %d FlexNVM",
582 num_blocks, num_pflash_blocks, num_nvm_blocks);
585 * If the flash class is already assigned, verify the
588 if (kinfo->flash_class != FC_AUTO) {
589 if (kinfo->bank_ordinal != (unsigned) bank->bank_number) {
590 LOG_WARNING("Flash ordinal/bank number mismatch");
592 } else if (kinfo->granularity != granularity) {
593 LOG_WARNING("Flash granularity mismatch");
596 switch (kinfo->flash_class) {
598 if (kinfo->bank_ordinal >= first_nvm_bank) {
599 LOG_WARNING("Class mismatch, bank %d is not PFlash",
602 } else if (bank->size != (pf_size / num_pflash_blocks)) {
603 LOG_WARNING("PFlash size mismatch");
605 } else if (bank->base !=
606 (0x00000000 + bank->size * kinfo->bank_ordinal)) {
607 LOG_WARNING("PFlash address range mismatch");
609 } else if (kinfo->sector_size !=
610 kinetis_flash_params[granularity].pflash_sector_size_bytes) {
611 LOG_WARNING("PFlash sector size mismatch");
614 LOG_DEBUG("PFlash bank %d already configured okay",
615 kinfo->bank_ordinal);
619 if ((kinfo->bank_ordinal >= num_blocks) ||
620 (kinfo->bank_ordinal < first_nvm_bank)) {
621 LOG_WARNING("Class mismatch, bank %d is not FlexNVM",
624 } else if (bank->size != (nvm_size / num_nvm_blocks)) {
625 LOG_WARNING("FlexNVM size mismatch");
627 } else if (bank->base !=
628 (0x10000000 + bank->size * kinfo->bank_ordinal)) {
629 LOG_WARNING("FlexNVM address range mismatch");
631 } else if (kinfo->sector_size !=
632 kinetis_flash_params[granularity].nvm_sector_size_bytes) {
633 LOG_WARNING("FlexNVM sector size mismatch");
636 LOG_DEBUG("FlexNVM bank %d already configured okay",
637 kinfo->bank_ordinal);
641 if (kinfo->bank_ordinal != num_blocks) {
642 LOG_WARNING("Class mismatch, bank %d is not FlexRAM",
645 } else if (bank->size != ee_size) {
646 LOG_WARNING("FlexRAM size mismatch");
648 } else if (bank->base != FLEXRAM) {
649 LOG_WARNING("FlexRAM address mismatch");
651 } else if (kinfo->sector_size !=
652 kinetis_flash_params[granularity].nvm_sector_size_bytes) {
653 LOG_WARNING("FlexRAM sector size mismatch");
656 LOG_DEBUG("FlexRAM bank %d already configured okay",
657 kinfo->bank_ordinal);
662 LOG_WARNING("Unknown or inconsistent flash class");
668 LOG_INFO("Probing flash info for bank %d", bank->bank_number);
675 kinfo->granularity = granularity;
677 if ((unsigned)bank->bank_number < num_pflash_blocks) {
678 /* pflash, banks start at address zero */
679 kinfo->flash_class = FC_PFLASH;
680 bank->size = (pf_size / num_pflash_blocks);
681 bank->base = 0x00000000 + bank->size * bank->bank_number;
682 kinfo->sector_size = kinetis_flash_params[granularity].pflash_sector_size_bytes;
683 kinfo->protection_size = pf_size / 32;
684 } else if ((unsigned)bank->bank_number < num_blocks) {
685 /* nvm, banks start at address 0x10000000 */
686 kinfo->flash_class = FC_FLEX_NVM;
687 bank->size = (nvm_size / num_nvm_blocks);
688 bank->base = 0x10000000 + bank->size * (bank->bank_number - first_nvm_bank);
689 kinfo->sector_size = kinetis_flash_params[granularity].nvm_sector_size_bytes;
690 kinfo->protection_size = 0; /* FIXME: TODO: depends on DEPART bits, chip */
691 } else if ((unsigned)bank->bank_number == num_blocks) {
692 LOG_ERROR("FlexRAM support not yet implemented");
693 return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
695 LOG_ERROR("Cannot determine parameters for bank %d, only %d banks on device",
696 bank->bank_number, num_blocks);
697 return ERROR_FLASH_BANK_INVALID;
702 bank->sectors = NULL;
705 bank->num_sectors = bank->size / kinfo->sector_size;
706 assert(bank->num_sectors > 0);
707 bank->sectors = malloc(sizeof(struct flash_sector) * bank->num_sectors);
709 for (i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++) {
710 bank->sectors[i].offset = offset;
711 bank->sectors[i].size = kinfo->sector_size;
712 offset += kinfo->sector_size;
713 bank->sectors[i].is_erased = -1;
714 bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 1;
720 static int kinetis_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
722 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
723 LOG_WARNING("Cannot communicate... target not halted.");
724 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
727 return kinetis_read_part_info(bank);
730 static int kinetis_auto_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
732 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
737 return kinetis_probe(bank);
740 static int kinetis_info(struct flash_bank *bank, char *buf, int buf_size)
742 const char *bank_class_names[] = {
743 "(ANY)", "PFlash", "FlexNVM", "FlexRAM"
746 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
748 (void) snprintf(buf, buf_size,
749 "%s driver for %s flash bank %s at 0x%8.8" PRIx32 "",
750 bank->driver->name, bank_class_names[kinfo->flash_class],
751 bank->name, bank->base);
756 static int kinetis_blank_check(struct flash_bank *bank)
758 struct kinetis_flash_bank *kinfo = bank->driver_priv;
760 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
761 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
762 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
765 if (kinfo->flash_class == FC_PFLASH) {
767 uint32_t w0 = 0, w1 = 0, w2 = 0;
770 /* check if whole bank is blank */
771 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_BLOCKSTAT << 24) | bank->base;
772 w1 = 0; /* "normal margin" */
774 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
776 if (result != ERROR_OK)
779 if (ftfx_fstat & 0x01) {
780 /* the whole bank is not erased, check sector-by-sector */
782 for (i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++) {
783 w0 = (FTFx_CMD_SECTSTAT << 24) | (bank->base + bank->sectors[i].offset);
784 w1 = (0x100 << 16) | 0; /* normal margin */
786 result = kinetis_ftfx_command(bank, w0, w1, w2, &ftfx_fstat);
788 if (result == ERROR_OK) {
789 bank->sectors[i].is_erased = !(ftfx_fstat & 0x01);
791 LOG_DEBUG("Ignoring errored PFlash sector blank-check");
792 bank->sectors[i].is_erased = -1;
796 /* the whole bank is erased, update all sectors */
798 for (i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++)
799 bank->sectors[i].is_erased = 1;
802 LOG_WARNING("kinetis_blank_check not supported yet for FlexNVM");
803 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
809 static int kinetis_flash_read(struct flash_bank *bank,
810 uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
812 LOG_WARNING("kinetis_flash_read not supported yet");
814 if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
815 LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
816 return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
819 return ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED;
822 struct flash_driver kinetis_flash = {
824 .flash_bank_command = kinetis_flash_bank_command,
825 .erase = kinetis_erase,
826 .protect = kinetis_protect,
827 .write = kinetis_write,
828 .read = kinetis_flash_read,
829 .probe = kinetis_probe,
830 .auto_probe = kinetis_auto_probe,
831 .erase_check = kinetis_blank_check,
832 .protect_check = kinetis_protect_check,
833 .info = kinetis_info,