The standard binary output format generated by the linker for the
Apple ][ target is a machine language program with a 4 byte DOS
-3.3 header. The standard load address is $800.
+3.3 header containing the load address and load size. The standard load address
+is $803.
-The DOS header is in its own segment named <tt/EXEHDR/. If you don't want the
-header for some reason, you can change
+The DOS 3.3 header is in its own segment named <tt/EXEHDR/. If you don't want
+the header for some reason, you can change
<verb>
- HEADER: start = $0000, size = $4, file = %O;
+ HEADER: start = $0000, size = $0004, file = %O;
</verb>
to
<verb>
- HEADER: start = $0000, size = $4, file = "";
+ HEADER: start = $0000, size = $0004, file = "";
</verb>
in the linker configuration to have the linker remove it.
-Please note that there is a "Apple ][ ProDOS 8 system program
-for loading binary programs" available in the cc65 User Contributions section.
+<bf/AppleCommander 1.3.5/ or later (available at <url
+url="http://applecommander.sourceforge.net/">) includes an option <tt/-cc65/
+that allows to put binary files with the DOS 3.3 header onto disk images
+containing either DOS 3.3 or ProDOS 8.
+
+Please note that there is an <bf/Apple ][ ProDOS 8 system program
+for loading binary programs/ available in the cc65 User Contributions section.
It adds all benefits of a ProDOS 8 system program to the standard binary
program generated by the linker for the Apple ][ target.
<sect>Memory layout<p>
In the standard setup, cc65 generated programs use the memory from
-$800 to $95FF, so 35.5K of memory are available. ROM calls are
-possible without further precautions.
+$803 to $95FF, so 35.5KB of RAM are available. While running
+<tt/main()/ the Language Card bank 2 is enabled for read access. However while
+running module constructors/destructors the Language Card is disabled.
Special locations:
runtime stack.
</descrip><p>
+Enabling the Language Card allows to use it as additional memory for executable
+code. Actually doing so requires either to compile code with the option
+<tt/--code-name HIGHCODE/ or to use <tt/#pragma codeseg ("HIGHCODE")/.
+
+The amount of memory available in the Language Card for executable code depends
+on the chosen program environment. A plain vanilla ProDOS 8 doesn't actually
+use the Language Card bank 2 memory from $D400 to $DFFF.
+Therefore the builtin linker configuration defines these 3KB as <tt/LC/ memory
+area for executable code.
+
+A plain vanilla DOS 3.3 doesn't make use of the Language Card at all. So you
+can change
+
+<verb>
+ LC: start = $D400, size = $0C00, define = yes;
+</verb>
+
+to
+
+<verb>
+ LC: start = $D000, size = $3000, define = yes;
+</verb>
+
+in the linker configuration to define the whole 12KB Language Card address
+space as memory area for executable code.
+
<sect>Platform specific header files<p>
<itemize>
<item>_dos_type
<item>get_ostype
+<item>rebootafterexit
</itemize>
<descrip>
<tag><tt/a2.lo.tgi/</tag>
- This driver was written by Stefan Haubenthal. It features a resolution of
- 40×40 with 16 colors. At the bottom of the screen, 4 additional text
- lines are available.
+ This driver features a resolution of 40×48 with 16 colors.
<tag><tt/a2.hi.tgi/</tag>
- This driver was written by Stefan Haubenthal. It features a resolution of
- 280×192 with 6 colors. Note that programs using this driver will have
- to be linked with <tt/--start-addr $4000/ to reserve the first hires page.
+ This driver features a resolution of 280×192 with 8 colors and two
+ hires pages. Note that programs using this driver will have to be linked
+ with <tt/--start-addr $4000/ to reserve the first hires page or with
+ <tt/--start-addr $6000/ to reserve both hires pages.
+
+ In memory constrained situations the memory from $803 to $1FFF
+ can be made available to a program by executing <tt/_heapadd ((void *) 0x0803, 0x17FD);/
+ at the beginning of <tt/main()/. Doing so is beneficial even if the program
+ doesn't use the the heap explicitly because loading the driver (and in fact
+ already opening the driver file) uses the heap implicitly.
</descrip><p>
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/a2.lc.emd/</tag>
- Gives access to 12KB RAM (48 pages of 256 bytes each) on the
- Apple II Language Card. The driver was contributed by Stefan Haubenthal.
- Note that this driver is incompatible with any DOS using the Language
- Card memory!
+ <tag><tt/a2.auxmem.emd/</tag>
+ Gives access to 47,5 KB RAM (190 pages of 256 bytes each) on an Extended
+ 80-Column Text Card.
+
+ Note that this driver doesn't check for the actual existence of the memory
+ and that it doesn't check for ProDOS 8 RAM disk content!
</descrip><p>
<tag><tt/a2.stdmou.mou/</tag>
Driver for the AppleMouse II Card. Searches all Apple II slots
for an AppleMouse II Card compatible firmware. The default bounding
- box is [0..279,0..191]. Programs using this driver will have
- to be linked with <tt/--start-addr $4000/ to reserve the first hires page
- if they are intended to run on an Apple ][ (in contrast to
- an Apple //e).
+ box is [0..279,0..191].
+ Programs using this driver will have to be linked with <tt/--start-addr $4000/
+ to reserve the first hires page if they are intended to run on an
+ Apple ][ (in contrast to an Apple //e) because the
+ AppleMouse II Card firmware writes to the hires page when initializing
+ on that machine.
+
Note that the Apple ][ default mouse callbacks support text
mode only.
that because of the peculiarities of the 6551 chip transmits are not
interrupt driven, and the transceiver blocks if the receiver asserts
flow control because of a full buffer.
-
- The driver defaults to slot 2. Call ser_ioctl(0, <slot>) prior to ser_open
- in order to select a different slot. ser_ioctl succeeds for all Apple II
- slots, but ser_open fails with SER_ERR_NO_DEVICE if there's no SSC firmware
- found in the selected slot.
+
+ The driver defaults to slot 2. Call <tt/ser_ioctl(0, <slot>)/ prior to
+ <tt/ser_open()/ in order to select a different slot. <tt/ser_ioctl()/
+ succeeds for all Apple II slots, but <tt/ser_open()/ fails with
+ <tt/SER_ERR_NO_DEVICE/ if there's no SSC firmware found in the selected slot.
</descrip><p>
<sect>Limitations<p>
+<sect1>DOS 3.3<p>
+
+Although the standard binaries generated by the linker for the Apple ][
+generally run both on DOS 3.3 (with Applesoft BASIC) and on ProDOS 8 (with
+BASIC.SYSTEM) there are some limitations for DOS 3.3:
+
+<descrip>
+
+ <tag>Disk File I/O</tag>
+ There's no disk file I/O support. Any attempt to use it yields an error with
+ <tt/errno/ set to <tt/ENOSYS/. This implicitly means that loadable drivers
+ are in general not functional as they depend on disk file I/O. However they
+ may be converted to statically linked drivers using the co65 object-file
+ converter.
+
+ <tag>Interrupts</tag>
+ There's no <tt/interruptor/ support. Any attempt to use it yields the message
+ 'FAILED TO ALLOC INTERRUPT' on program startup. This implicitly means that
+ <tt/a2.stdmou.mou/ and <tt/a2.ssc.ser/ are not functional as they depend on
+ interrupts.
+
+</descrip><p>
+
+
+<sect1>DIO<p>
+
+Although <htmlurl url="dio.html" name="DIO"> generally works with all ProDOS 8
+devices, the function <htmlurl url="dio-3.html" name="dio_query_sectcount()">
+simply always return 280 (which is only correct for a 140KB disk).
+
+
+<sect1>Direct console I/O<p>
+
+<descrip>
+
+ <tag>Color</tag>
+ The Apple ][ has no color text mode. Therefore the functions
+ <htmlurl url="funcref-205.html" name="textcolor()">,
+ <htmlurl url="funcref-68.html" name="bgcolor()"> and
+ <htmlurl url="funcref-69.html" name="bordercolor()"> have no effect.
+
+ <tag>Cursor</tag>
+ The Apple ][ has no hardware cursor. Therefore the function
+ <htmlurl url="funcref-88.html" name="cursor()"> has no effect.
+
+</descrip><p>
+
+
<sect>Other hints<p>
supported by BASIC, the following syntax was chosen:
<tscreen><verb>
-]CALL2048:REM ARG1 " ARG2 IS QUOTED" ARG3 "" ARG5
+]CALL2051:REM ARG1 " ARG2 IS QUOTED" ARG3 "" ARG5
</verb></tscreen>
<enum>
<sect1>Interrupts<p>
The runtime for the Apple ][ uses routines marked as <tt/.CONDES/
-type 2 for ProDOS interrupt handlers. Such routines must be written as simple
-machine language subroutines and will be called automatically by the interrupt
-handler code when they are linked into a program. See the discussion of the
-<tt/.CONDES/ feature in the <htmlurl url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
+type <tt/interruptor/ for ProDOS 8 interrupt handlers. Such routines must be
+written as simple machine language subroutines and will be called automatically
+by the interrupt handler code when they are linked into a program. See the
+discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/ feature in the <htmlurl url="ca65.html"
+name="assembler manual">.
+
+
+<sect1>DIO<p>
+
+The function <htmlurl url="dio-1.html" name="dio_open()"> has the single parameter
+<tt/drive_id/ to identify the drive to be opened. Therefore an Apple II
+slot and drive pair is mapped to that <tt/drive_id/ according to the formula
+
+<verb>
+ drive_id = (slot * 2) + (drive - 1)
+</verb>
+
+so that for example slot 6 drive 1 is mapped to <tt/drive_id/ 12.
+
+The function <htmlurl url="dio-1.html" name="dio_open()"> succeeds only if a
+formatted disk is present in the drive. However intentionally no check is
+performed on the presence of a ProDOS 8 disk. Therefore access to all standard
+16-sector disks (as for instance DOS 3.3) is possible.
<sect>License<p>
This software is provided 'as-is', without any expressed or implied
-warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
+warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
arising from the use of this software.
Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
projects / cc65 / blobdiff