<article>
<title>Apple ][ specific information for cc65
-<author>Oliver Schmidt, <htmlurl url="mailto:ol.sc@web.de" name="ol.sc@web.de">
-<date>2009-10-07
+<author><url url="mailto:ol.sc@web.de" name="Oliver Schmidt">
+<date>2014-04-10
<abstract>
An overview over the Apple ][ runtime system as it is
pitfalls specific to that platform.
Please note that Apple ][ specific functions are just mentioned
-here, they are described in detail in the separate <htmlurl url="funcref.html"
+here, they are described in detail in the separate <url url="funcref.html"
name="function reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may
be available on more than one platform. Please see the function reference for
more information.
For ProDOS 8 system programs the load address is fixed to $2000 so there
is no need for a header. Thus the linker configuration
-<htmlurl url="apple2.html#ss4.3" name="apple2-system.cfg"> for those programs
+<ref id="apple-sys-cfg" name="apple2-system.cfg"> for those programs
omits the DOS 3.3 header. The right AppleCommander option to put system files
without a header on a ProDOS 8 disk image is <tt/-p/.
Enabling the Language Card allows to use it as additional memory for cc65
generated code. However code is never automatically placed there. Rather code
needs to be explicitly placed in the Language Card either per file by compiling
-with <tt/--code-name HIGHCODE/ or per function by enclosing in <tt/#pragma
-code-name (push, "HIGHCODE")/ and <tt/#pragma code-name (pop)/. In either case the
-cc65 runtime system takes care of actually moving the code into the Language
-Card.
+with <tt/--code-name LC/ or per function by enclosing in <tt/#pragma code-name
+(push, "LC")/ and <tt/#pragma code-name (pop)/. In either case the cc65 runtime
+system takes care of actually moving the code into the Language Card.
The amount of memory available in the Language Card for generated code depends
-on the chosen <htmlurl url="apple2.html#s4" name="linker configuration">.
+on the <ref id="link-configs" name="linker configuration"> parameters. There are
+several usefull settings:
+<descrip>
+ <tag>LC address: $D400, LC size: $C00</tag>
+ For plain vanilla ProDOS 8 which doesn't actually use the Language Card bank 2
+ memory from $D400 to $DFFF. This is the default setting.
-<sect>Linker configurations<p>
+ <tag>LC address: $D000, LC size: $1000</tag>
+ For ProDOS 8 together with the function <tt/rebootafterexit()/. If a program
+ doesn't quit to the ProDOS 8 dispatcher but rather reboots the machine after
+ exit then a plain vanilla ProDOS 8 doesn't make use of the Language Card bank
+ 2 at all.
-The ld65 linker comes with a default config file for the Apple ][,
-which is used via <tt/-t apple2/.
-The apple2 package comes with additional secondary linker config files, which
-are used via <tt/-t apple2 -C <configfile>/.
+ <tag>LC address: $D000, LC size: $3000</tag>
+ For plain vanilla DOS 3.3 which doesn't make use of the Language Card at all.
+</descrip><p>
-<sect1>default config file (<tt/apple2.cfg/)<p>
-Default configuration optimized for a binary program running on ProDOS 8 with
-BASIC.SYSTEM. A plain vanilla ProDOS 8 doesn't actually use the Language Card
-bank 2 memory from $D400 to $DFFF.
-<descrip>
+<sect>Linker configurations<label id="link-configs"><p>
- <tag><tt/RAM:/ Main memory area</tag>
- From $803 to $95FF (35.5 KB)
+The ld65 linker comes with a default config file for the Apple ][,
+which is used via <tt/-t apple2/.
+The apple2 package comes with additional secondary linker config files, which
+are used via <tt/-t apple2 -C <configfile>/.
- <tag><tt/LC:/ Language Card memory area</tag>
- From $D400 to $DFFF (3 KB)
- <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
- Variable (default: $803)
+<sect1>default config file (<tt/apple2.cfg/)<label id="apple-def-cfg"><p>
- <tag><tt/HEADER:/ Binary file header</tag>
- DOS 3.3 header (address and length)
+Default configuration for a binary program.
-</descrip><p>
+Parameters:
+<descrip>
-<sect1><tt/apple2-dos33.cfg/<p>
-
-Configuration optimized for a binary program running on DOS 3.3. A plain
-vanilla DOS 3.3 doesn't make use of the Language Card at all.
+ <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
+ Default: $803. Use <tt/-S <addr>/ to set a different start address.
-<descrip>
+ <tag><tt/__EXEHDR__:/ Executable file header</tag>
+ Default: DOS 3.3 header (address and length). Use <tt/-D __EXEHDR__=0/ to omit
+ the header.
- <tag><tt/RAM:/ Main memory area</tag>
- From $803 to $95FF (35.5 KB)
+ <tag><tt/__STACKSIZE__:/ C runtime stack size</tag>
+ Default: $800. Use <tt/-D __STACKSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ stack size.
- <tag><tt/LC:/ Language Card memory area</tag>
- From $D000 to $FFFF (12 KB)
+ <tag><tt/__HIMEM__:/ Highest usable memory address presumed at link time</tag>
+ Default: $9600. Use <tt/-D __HIMEM__=<addr>/ to set a different
+ highest usable address.
- <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
- Variable (default: $803)
+ <tag><tt/__LCADDR__:/ Address of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $D400. Use <tt/-D __LCADDR__=<addr>/ to set a different
+ code address.
- <tag><tt/HEADER:/ Binary file header</tag>
- DOS 3.3 header (address and length)
+ <tag><tt/__LCSIZE__:/ Size of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $C00. Use <tt/-D __LCSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ code size.
</descrip><p>
-<sect1><tt/apple2-system.cfg/<p>
+<sect1><tt/apple2-system.cfg/<label id="apple-sys-cfg"><p>
-Configuration for a system program running on ProDOS 8.
+Configuration for a system program running on ProDOS 8 and using the memory from
+$2000 to $BEFF.
-<descrip>
+Parameters:
- <tag><tt/RAM:/ Main memory area</tag>
- From $2000 to $BEFF (39.75 KB)
+<descrip>
- <tag><tt/LC:/ Language Card memory area</tag>
- From $D400 to $DFFF (3 KB)
+ <tag><tt/__STACKSIZE__:/ C runtime stack size</tag>
+ Default: $800. Use <tt/-D __STACKSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ stack size.
- <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
- Fixed ($2000)
+ <tag><tt/__LCADDR__:/ Address of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $D400. Use <tt/-D __LCADDR__=<addr>/ to set a different
+ code address.
- <tag><tt/HEADER:/ Binary file header</tag>
- None
+ <tag><tt/__LCSIZE__:/ Size of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $C00. Use <tt/-D __LCSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ code size.
</descrip><p>
-<sect1><tt/apple2-
loader.cfg/<p>
+<sect1><tt/apple2-
overlay.cfg/<p>
-Configuration optimized for a binary program running on ProDOS 8 without
-BASIC.SYSTEM. Intended to be used with <bf/LOADER.SYSTEM - an
-Apple ][ ProDOS 8 loader for cc65 programs/, which is available
-in the cc65 User Contributions section.
+Configuration for overlay programs with the up to nine overlays. The overlay files
+don't include the DOS 3.3 header. See <tt>samples/overlaydemo.c</tt> for more
+information on overlays.
-A program loaded by LOADER.SYSTEM works like a ProDOS 8 system program but
-isn't tied to the start address $2000. Thus with the default start
-address $800 the main memory area is increased by 6 KB.
+Parameters:
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/RAM:/ Main memory area</tag>
- From $800 to $BEFF (45.75 KB)
+ <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
+ Default: $803. Use <tt/-S <addr>/ to set a different start address.
- <tag><tt/LC:/ Language Card memory area</tag>
- From $D400 to $DFFF (3 KB)
+ <tag><tt/__EXEHDR__:/ Executable file header</tag>
+ Default: DOS 3.3 header (address and length). Use <tt/-D __EXEHDR__=0/ to omit
+ the header.
- <tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
- Variable (default: $800)
+ <tag><tt/__STACKSIZE__:/ C runtime stack size</tag>
+ Default: $800. Use <tt/-D __STACKSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ stack size.
- <tag><tt/HEADER:/ Binary file header</tag>
- DOS 3.3 header (address and length)
+ <tag><tt/__HIMEM__:/ Highest usable memory address presumed at link time</tag>
+ Default: $9600. Use <tt/-D __HIMEM__=<addr>/ to set a different
+ highest usable address.
-</descrip><p>
+ <tag><tt/__LCADDR__:/ Address of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $D400. Use <tt/-D __LCADDR__=<addr>/ to set a different
+ code address.
+ <tag><tt/__LCSIZE__:/ Size of code in the Language Card</tag>
+ Default: $C00. Use <tt/-D __LCSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ code size.
-<sect1><tt/apple2-reboot.cfg/<p>
+ <tag><tt/__OVERLAYSIZE__:/ Size of code in the overlays</tag>
+ Default: $1000. Use <tt/-D __OVERLAYSIZE__=<size>/ to set a different
+ code size.
-Configuration optimized for a binary program running on ProDOS 8 without
-BASIC.SYSTEM. Intended to be used with <bf/LOADER.SYSTEM - an
-Apple ][ ProDOS 8 loader for cc65 programs/ (see above) together
-with the function <tt/rebootafterexit()/.
+</descrip><p>
-If a ProDOS 8 system program doesn't quit to the ProDOS 8 dispatcher but rather
-reboots the machine after exit then a plain vanilla ProDOS 8 doesn't make use of
-the Language Card bank 2 at all.
-This setup makes nearly 50 KB available to a cc65 program - on a 64 KB machine!
+<sect1><tt/apple2-asm.cfg/<p>
-<descrip>
+Configuration for a assembler programs which don't need a special setup.
- <tag><tt/RAM:/ Main memory area</tag>
- From $800 to $BEFF (45.75 KB)
+Parameters:
- <tag><tt/LC:/ Language Card memory area</tag>
- From $D000 to $DFFF (4 KB)
+<descrip>
<tag><tt/STARTADDRESS:/ Program start address</tag>
- Variable (default: $800)
+ Default: $803. Use <tt/-S <addr>/ to set a different start address.
- <tag><tt/HEADER:/ Binary file header</tag>
- DOS 3.3 header (address and length)
+ <tag><tt/__EXEHDR__:/ Executable file header</tag>
+ Default: No header. Use <tt/-u __EXEHDR__ apple2.lib/ to add a DOS 3.3 header
+ (address and length).
</descrip><p>
The easiest (and for really large programs in fact the only) way to have a cc65
program use the memory from $800 to $2000 is to link it as binary
-(as opposed to system) program using the linker configuration
-<htmlurl url="apple2.html#ss4.4" name="apple2-loader.cfg"> with start address
-$803 and load it with the targetutil LOADER.SYSTEM. The program then works
-like a system program (i.e. quits to the ProDOS dispatcher).
+(as opposed to system) program using the default linker configuration
+<ref id="apple-def-cfg" name="apple2.cfg"> with <tt/__HIMEM__/ set to $BF00
+and load it with the LOADER.SYSTEM utility. The program then works like a system
+program (i.e. quits to the ProDOS dispatcher).
Using LOADER.SYSTEM is as simple as copying it to the ProDOS 8 directory of the
program to load under name <program>.SYSTEM as a system program. For
<sect1>Heap<p>
If the cc65 program can be successfully linked as system program using the linker
-configuration <htmlurl url="apple2.html#ss4.3" name="apple2-system.cfg"> but
+configuration <ref id="apple-sys-cfg" name="apple2-system.cfg">, but
uses the heap either explicitly or implicitly (i.e. by loading a driver) then
the memory from $800 to $2000 can be added to the heap by calling
<tt/_heapadd ((void *) 0x0800, 0x1800);/ at the beginning of <tt/main()/.
in memory the primary benefit of <tt/apple2-iobuf-0800.o/ is a reduction in code
size - and thus program file size - of more than 1400 bytes.
-Using <tt/apple2-iobuf-0800.o/ is as simple as placing it on the linker command
+Using <tt/apple2-iobuf-0800.o/ is as simple as placing it on the linker command
line like this:
<tscreen><verb>
<sect1>Apple ][ specific functions<p>
The functions listed below are special for the Apple ][. See
-the <htmlurl url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and
+the <url url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and
usage.
<itemize>
<tag><tt/a2.hi.tgi (a2_hi_tgi)/</tag>
This driver features a resolution of 280×192 with 8 colors and two
hires pages. Note that programs using this driver will have to be linked
- with <tt/--start-addr $4000/ to reserve the first hires page or with
- <tt/--start-addr $6000/ to reserve both hires pages.
+ with <tt/-S $4000/ to reserve the first hires page or with <tt/-S $6000/
+ to reserve both hires pages.
The function <tt/tgi_apple2_mix()/ allows to activate 4 lines of text. The
function doesn't clear the corresponding area at the bottom of the screen.
<tag><tt/a2.auxmem.emd (a2_auxmem_emd)/</tag>
Gives access to 47.5 KB RAM (190 pages of 256 bytes each) on an Extended
80-Column Text Card.
-
+
Note that this driver doesn't check for the actual existence of the memory
and that it doesn't check for ProDOS 8 RAM disk content!
Driver for the AppleMouse II Card. Searches all Apple II slots
for an AppleMouse II Card compatible firmware. The default bounding
box is [0..279,0..191].
-
- Programs using this driver will have to be linked with <tt/--start-addr $4000/
+
+ Programs using this driver will have to be linked with <tt/-S $4000/
to reserve the first hires page if they are intended to run on an
Apple ][ (in contrast to an Apple //e) because the
AppleMouse II Card firmware writes to the hires page when initializing
<tag/Interrupts/
There's no <tt/interruptor/ support. Any attempt to use it yields the message
'FAILED TO ALLOC INTERRUPT' on program startup. This implicitly means that
- <tt/a2.stdmou.mou/ and <tt/a2.ssc.ser/ are not functional as they depend on
+ joystick, mouse and RS232 device drivers are not functional as they depend on
interrupts.
-
+
</descrip><p>
The Apple ][ has no color text mode. Therefore the functions textcolor(),
bgcolor() and bordercolor() have no effect.
- <tag/Cursor/
- The Apple ][ has no hardware cursor. Therefore the function cursor() has
- no effect.
-
</descrip><p>
<tt/.INTERRUPTOR/ for ProDOS 8 interrupt handlers. Such routines must be
written as simple machine language subroutines and will be called
automatically by the interrupt handler code when they are linked into a
-program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/ feature in the <htmlurl
+program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/ feature in the <url
url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
<descrip>
<tag/Drive ID/
- The function <htmlurl url="dio.html#s1" name="dio_open()"> has the single
+ The function <url url="dio.html#s1" name="dio_open()"> has the single
parameter <tt/device/ to identify the device to be opened. Therefore an
Apple II slot and drive pair is mapped to that <tt/device/ according
to the formula
so that for example slot 6 drive 2 is mapped to <tt/device/ 14.
<tag/Sector count/
- The function <htmlurl url="dio.html#s3" name="dio_query_sectcount()"> returns
+ The function <url url="dio.html#s3" name="dio_query_sectcount()"> returns
the correct sector count for all ProDOS 8 disks. However for any non-ProDOS 8
disk it simply always returns 280 (which is only correct for a 140 KB disk).
This condition is indicated by the <tt/_oserror/ value 82.
</descrip><p>
+<sect1>Specifying file types for fopen<p>
+
+<descrip>
+
+ <tag>Explanation of File Types</tag>
+
+ ProDOS associates a file type and an auxiliary type with each file.
+ These type specifications are separate from the file's name, unlike
+ Windows which uses the file name's suffix (a.k.a.
+ extension) to specify the file type. For example, <tt/.exe/,
+ <tt/.doc/, or <tt/.bat/.
+ The ProDOS low-level
+ Machine-Language Interface (MLI) functions for creating and opening
+ files require these types to be specified. And if they don't match
+ with the file being opened, the operation may fail.
+
+ In contrast, the ISO C function <tt/fopen()/ and the POSIX function
+ <tt/open()/ have no parameter to specify either a file type or an
+ auxiliary type. Therefore, some additional mechanism for specifying
+ the file types is needed.
+
+ <tag>Specifying the File Type and Auxiliary Type</tag>
+
+ There are two global variables provided that allow the file type
+ and auxiliary type to be specified before a call to <tt/fopen()/
+ or <tt/open()/. They are defined in <tt/apple2_filetype.h/:
+
+ <tscreen>
+ <verb>
+ extern unsigned char _filetype; /* Default: PRODOS_T_BIN */
+ extern unsigned int _auxtype; /* Default: 0 */
+ </verb>
+ </tscreen>
+
+ The header file <tt/apple2_filetype.h/ also defines many values
+ that can be used to set these variables. It is included in
+ <tt/apple2.h/, which is in turn included in <tt/apple2enh.h/.
+ So it isn't necessary to include it directly. Just
+ include one of <tt/apple2.h/ or <tt/apple2enh.h/.
+
+ <tag>Example</tag>
+
+ A text file cannot be created with just the
+ standard C functions because they default to the binary type
+ <tt/PRODOS_T_BIN/. The <tt/_filetype/ variable must be set to
+ <tt/PRODOS_T_TXT/ to create a text file.
+
+ For a text file,
+ <tt/_auxtype/ specifies the record length. A zero record
+ length text file is referred to as a sequential text file.
+ This is equivalent to text files on
+ other operating systems, except that the line terminator is a
+ carriage return instead of a line-feed (Linux/BSD/MacOS) or
+ carriage return, line-feed pair (Windows).
+
+ The "sequential" text file terminology is in contrast to a
+ "random-access" text file which would
+ have a fixed-length, non-zero record length, so that the
+ file position of any individual record can be calculated.
+
+ For this example, the
+ <tt/_auxtype/ does not need to be set because it defaults to
+ the desired value, which is zero. To be more explicit,
+ <tt/_auxtype/ can also be set to <tt/PRODOS_AUX_T_TXT_SEQ/
+ which is defined as zero.
+
+ <tscreen>
+ <verb>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #include <errno.h>
+ #include <apple2.h>
+
+ void main(void)
+ {
+ FILE *out;
+ char *name = "MY.FAVS";
+
+ /*-----------------------------*/
+
+ _filetype = PRODOS_T_TXT;
+ _auxtype = PRODOS_AUX_T_TXT_SEQ;
+
+ /*-----------------------------*/
+
+ if ((out = fopen(name, "w")) != NULL) {
+ fputs("Jorah Mormont\r", out);
+ fputs("Brienne of Tarth\r", out);
+ fputs("Daenerys Targaryen\r", out);
+ fputs("Sandor Clegane\r", out);
+ if (fclose(out) == EOF) {
+ fprintf(stderr, "fclose failed for %s: %s", name, strerror(errno));
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ fprintf(stderr, "fopen failed for %s: %s", name, strerror(errno));
+ }
+ }
+ </verb>
+ </tscreen>
+
+</descrip><p>
+
<sect>License<p>
projects / cc65 / blobdiff