<!doctype linuxdoc system>
<article>
-
-<title>Commodore 128 specific information for cc65
-<author>Ullrich von Bassewitz, <htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="uz@cc65.org">
-<date>2003-12-14
+<title>Commodore 128-specific information for cc65
+<author><url url="mailto:uz@cc65.org" name="Ullrich von Bassewitz">,<newline>
+<url url="mailto:polluks@sdf.lonestar.org" name="Stefan A. Haubenthal">
<abstract>
An overview over the C128 runtime system as it is implemented for the cc65 C
<sect>Overview<p>
This file contains an overview of the C128 runtime system as it comes with the
-cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, C128 specific header files,
+cc65 C compiler. It describes the memory layout, C128-specific header files,
available drivers, and any pitfalls specific to that platform.
-Please note that C128 specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
-described in detail in the separate <htmlurl url="funcref.html" name="function
+Please note that C128-specific functions are just mentioned here, they are
+described in detail in the separate <url url="funcref.html" name="function
reference">. Even functions marked as "platform dependent" may be available on
more than one platform. Please see the function reference for more
information.
<sect>Binary format<p>
The standard binary output format generated by the linker for the C128 target
-is a machine language program with a one line BASIC stub. This means that a
-program can be loaded as BASIC program and started with RUN. It is of course
-possible to change this behaviour by using a modified startup file and linker
-config.
+is a machine language program with a one line BASIC stub, which calls the
+machine language part via SYS. This means that a program can be loaded as
+BASIC program and started with RUN. It is of course possible to change this
+behaviour by using a modified startup file and linker config.
<sect>Memory layout<p>
cc65 generated programs with the default setup run with the I/O area and the
kernal ROM enabled. Note that this is a non standard memory layout, and that
there is no "memory configuration index" for this layout. This means that
-special case has to be taken when changing the configuration, or calling any
+special care has to be taken when changing the configuration, or calling any
code that does this. The memory configuration register at $FF00 should
be saved and restored instead of relying on the memory configuration index
stored in the zero page.
-The setup gives a usable memory range of $1C00 - $CFFF. Having
+The setup gives a usable memory range of $1C00 - $BFFF. Having
just the kernal ROM mapped in means, that kernal entry points may be called
directly, but using the BASIC ROM is not possible without additional code.
The text screen is located at $400 (as in the standard setup).
<tag/Stack/
- The C runtime stack is located at $CFFF and growing downwards.
+ The C runtime stack is located at $BFFF, and growing downwards.
<tag/Heap/
- The C heap is located at the end of the program and grows towards the C
+ The C heap is located at the end of the program, and grows towards the C
runtime stack.
</descrip><p>
-<sect>Platform
specific header files<p>
+<sect>Platform
-specific header files<p>
-Programs containing C128 specific code may use the <tt/c128.h/ or <tt/cbm.h/
+Programs containing C128-specific code may use the <tt/c128.h/ or <tt/cbm.h/
header files. Using the later may be an option when writing code for more than
one CBM platform, since it includes <tt/c128.h/ and declares several functions
common to all CBM platforms.
-<sect1>C128
specific functions<p>
+<sect1>C128
-specific functions<p>
-The functions listed below are special for the C128. See the <htmlurl
+The functions listed below are special for the C128. See the <url
url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and usage.
<itemize>
-<item>toggle_videomode
+<item>videomode
<item>c64mode
-<item>fast
-<item>slow
</itemize>
-<sect1>CBM specific functions<p>
+<sect1>C128-specific accelerator functions<p>
+
+The functions listed below are accelerator functions for the C128. See the <url
+url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for declaration and usage.
+
+<itemize>
+<item>detect_c128
+<item>detect_scpu
+<item>get_c128_speed
+<item>get_scpu_speed
+<item>set_c128_speed
+<item>set_scpu_speed
+</itemize>
+
+
+<sect1>CBM-specific functions<p>
Some functions are available for all (or at least most) of the Commodore
-machines. See the <htmlurl url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for
+machines. See the <url url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for
declaration and usage.
<itemize>
<item>cbm_k_basin
<item>cbm_k_bsout
<item>cbm_k_clrch
+<item>cbm_k_tksa
+<item>cbm_k_second
<item>cbm_load
<item>cbm_open
<item>cbm_opendir
</itemize>
+<sect1>CBM specific CPU functions<p>
+
+Some CPU related functions are available for some of the Commodore
+machines. See the <url url="funcref.html" name="function reference"> for
+declaration and usage.
+
+<itemize>
+<item>fast
+<item>slow
+<item>isfast
+</itemize>
+
+
<sect1>Hardware access<p>
The following pseudo variables declared in the <tt/c128.h/ header file do
directory for the declaration of the structure.
<tag><tt/CIA1, CIA2/</tag>
- Access to the two CIA (complex interface adapater) chips is available via
+ Access to the two CIA (complex interface adapter) chips is available via
the <tt/CIA1/ and <tt/CIA2/ variables. The structure behind these variables
- is explained in <tt/_cia.h/.
+ is explained in <tt/_6526.h/.
<tag><tt/COLOR_RAM/</tag>
- A character array that mirrors the color RAM of the C64 at $D800.
+ A character array that mirrors the color RAM of the C128 at $D800.
</descrip><p>
<sect>Loadable drivers<p>
+The names in the parentheses denote the symbols to be used for static linking of the drivers.
+
+
<sect1>Graphics drivers<p>
+The default drivers, <tt/tgi_stddrv (tgi_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c128-vdc.tgi (c128_vdc_tgi)/.
+
Note: The graphics drivers for the VDC are incompatible with the extended
memory drivers using the VDC memory!
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/c128-vdc.tgi/</tag>
- This driver was written by Maciej Witkowiak. It uses the 80 column display
- and features a resolution of 640*200 with two colors and an adjustable
- palette (that means that the two colors can be choosen out of the 16 VDC
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-hi.tgi (c128_hi_tgi)/</tag>
+ This driver features a resolution of 320×200 with two colors and an
+ adjustable palette (that means that the two colors can be chosen out of a
+ palette of the 16 VIC colors). Unlike BASIC 7.0, this driver puts its
+ graphics data into the RAM behind the ROMs.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-vdc.tgi (c128_vdc_tgi)/</tag>
+ This driver was written by Maciej Witkowiak. It uses the 80-column display,
+ and features a resolution of 640×200 with two colors and an adjustable
+ palette (that means that the two colors can be chosen out of the 16 VDC
colors).
- <tag><tt/c128-vdc2.tgi/</tag>
- This driver was written by Maciej Witkowiak. This driver uses the 80 column
- display and features a resolution of 640*480 with two colors and an
- adjustable palette (that means that the two colors can be choosen out of the
+ <tag><tt/c128-vdc2.tgi (c128_vdc2_tgi)/</tag>
+ This driver was written by Maciej Witkowiak. This driver uses the 80-column
+ display, and features a resolution of 640×480 with two colors and an
+ adjustable palette (that means that the two colors can be chosen out of the
16 VDC colors). The driver requires 64KB VDC RAM.
+
</descrip><p>
-Note: The colors are translated from definitions in headers to correct VDC values
-so please use definitions or VIC color numbers only. Colors GRAY3 and BROWN are
-missing on VDC and are translated to the two colors missing from VIC palette.
+Note: The colors are translated from the definitions in the headers to correct
+VDC values; so, please use definitions or VIC color numbers only. Colors
+<tt/GRAY3/ and <tt/BROWN/ are missing on the VDC; and, are translated to the
+two colors missing from the VIC palette.
+
<sect1>Extended memory drivers<p>
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/c128-georam.emd/</tag>
+ <tag><tt/c128-efnram.emd (c128_efnram_emd)/</tag>
+ Extended memory driver for the C128 External Function RAM.
+ Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-georam.emd (c128_georam_emd)/</tag>
A driver for the GeoRam cartridge. The driver will always assume 2048 pages
of 256 bytes each. There are no checks, so if your program knows better,
just go ahead.
- <tag><tt/c128-ram.emd/</tag>
+ <tag><tt/c128-ifnram.emd (c128_ifnram_emd)/</tag>
+ Extended memory driver for the C128 Internal Function RAM.
+ Written and contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-ram.emd (c128_ram_emd)/</tag>
An extended memory driver for the RAM in page 1. The common memory area is
excluded, so this driver supports 251 pages of 256 bytes each.
- <tag><tt/c128-ramcart.emd/</tag>
+ <tag><tt/c128-ram2.emd (c128_ram2_emd)/</tag>
+ An extended memory driver for the RAM in pages 1-3. The common memory area
+ is excluded, so this driver supports up to 731 pages of 256 bytes each. The
+ driver can be used as a full replacement for <tt/c128-ram.emd/, because RAM
+ in pages 2+3 is autodetected, but it's larger and there are not many
+ machines with RAM in banks 2+3, so it has been made a separate driver. The
+ additional code was contributed by Marco van den Heuvel.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-ramcart.emd (c128_ramcart_emd)/</tag>
A driver for the RamCart 64/128 written and contributed by Maciej Witkowiak.
Will test the hardware for the available RAM.
- <tag><tt/c128-reu.emd/</tag>
- A driver for the CBM REUs. The driver will determine from the connected REU
- if it supports 128KB of RAM or more. In the latter case, 256KB are assumed,
- but since there are no range checks, the application can use more memory if
- it has better knowledge about the hardware than the driver.
+ <tag><tt/c128-reu.emd (c128_reu_emd)/</tag>
+ A driver for the CBM REUs. The driver will test the connected REU to find
+ out how much RAM is present.
- <tag><tt/c128-vdc.emd/</tag>
- A driver for the VDC memory of the C128 written and contributed by Maciej
- Witkowiak. Autodetects the amount of memory available (16 or 64K) and offers
+ <tag><tt/c128-vdc.emd (c128_vdc_emd)/</tag>
+ A driver for the VDC memory of the C128, written and contributed by Maciej
+ Witkowiak. Autodetects the amount of memory available (16 or 64K), and offers
64 or 256 pages of 256 bytes each. Note: This driver is incompatible with
any of the graphics drivers using the VDC!
<sect1>Joystick drivers<p>
+The default drivers, <tt/joy_stddrv (joy_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c128-stdjoy.joy (c128_stdjoy_joy)/.
+
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/c128-ptvjoy.joy/</tag>
+ <tag><tt/c128-ptvjoy.joy (c128_ptvjoy_joy)/</tag>
Driver for the Protovision 4-player adapter originally written by Groepaz
- for the C64 and converted for the C128 by me. See <htmlurl
- url="http://www.protovision-online.de/hardw/hardwstart.htm"
- name="http://www.protovision-online.de/hardw/hardwstart.htm"> for prices and
- building instructions. Up to four joysticks are supported.
+ for the C64, and converted for the C128 by Uz. See <url
+ url="http://www.protovision-online.de/hardw/4_player.php?language=en"
+ name="Protovision shop"> for prices and building instructions. Up to four
+ joysticks are supported.
- <tag><tt/c128-stdjoy.joy/</tag>
- Supports up to two joysticks connected to the standard joysticks port of
+ <tag><tt/c128-stdjoy.joy (c128_stdjoy_joy)/</tag>
+ Supports up to two joysticks connected to the standard joysticks ports of
the C128.
</descrip><p>
<sect1>Mouse drivers<p>
-Currently no drivers available (in fact, the API for loadable mouse drivers
-does not exist).
+The default drivers, <tt/mouse_stddrv (mouse_static_stddrv)/, point to <tt/c128-1351.mou (c128_1351_mou)/.
+
+<descrip>
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-1351.mou (c128_1351_mou)/</tag>
+ Supports a standard mouse connected to port #0 of the C128.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-inkwell.mou (c128_inkwell_mou)/</tag>
+ Supports the Inkwell Systems lightpens, connected to port #0 of the
+ C128. It can read both the one-button 170-C and the two-button 184-C pens.
+ (It can read other lightpens and light-guns that send their button signal to
+ the joystick left-button pin or the paddle Y [up/down] pin.) It works on
+ only the 40-column screen.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-joy.mou (c128_joy_mou)/</tag>
+ Supports a mouse emulated by a standard joystick, e.g. 1350 mouse, in port
+ #1 of the C128.
+
+ <tag><tt/c128-pot.mou (c128_pot_mou)/</tag>
+ Supports a potentiometer device, e.g. Koala Pad, connected to port #1 of
+ the C128.
+
+</descrip><p>
<sect1>RS232 device drivers<p>
<descrip>
- <tag><tt/c128-swlink.ser/</tag>
- Driver for the SwiftLink cartridge. Supports up to 38400 baud, hardware flow
- control (RTS/CTS) and interrupt driven receives. Note that because of the
- peculiarities of the 6551 chip together with the use of the NMI, transmits
- are not interrupt driven, and the transceiver blocks if the receiver asserts
+ <tag><tt/c128-swlink.ser (c128_swlink_ser)/</tag>
+ Driver for the SwiftLink cartridge. Supports up to 38400 BPS, hardware flow
+ control (RTS/CTS), and interrupt-driven receives. Note that, because of the
+ peculiarities of the 6551 chip, together with the use of the NMI, transmits
+ are not interrupt driven; and, the transceiver blocks if the receiver asserts
flow control because of a full buffer.
The driver uses the RS232 variables and buffers of the kernal (buffers at
<sect>Limitations<p>
+<sect1>Realtime clock<p>
+
+The realtime clock functions use the CIA1 TOD clock. As that clock only stores
+the time but not the date, the date set by <tt/clock_settime()/ is simply stored
+inside the C library for retrieval in the same program via <tt/clock_gettime()/.
+
+
<sect>Other hints<p>
+
<sect1>Passing arguments to the program<p>
-Command line argument passing is currently not supported for the C128.
+Command-line arguments can be passed to <tt/main()/. Since this is not
+supported directly by BASIC, the following syntax was chosen:
+
+<tscreen><verb>
+ RUN:REM ARG1 " ARG2 IS QUOTED" ARG3 "" ARG5
+</verb></tscreen>
+
+<enum>
+<item>Arguments are separated by spaces.
+<item>Arguments may be quoted.
+<item>Leading and trailing spaces around an argument are ignored. Spaces within
+ a quoted argument are allowed.
+<item>The first argument passed to <tt/main()/ is the program name.
+<item>A maximum number of 10 arguments (including the program name) are
+ supported.
+</enum>
<sect1>Program return code<p>
<sect1>Interrupts<p>
-The runtime for the C128 uses routines marked as <tt/.CONDES/ type 2 for
+The runtime for the C128 uses routines marked as <tt/.INTERRUPTOR/ for
interrupt handlers. Such routines must be written as simple machine language
subroutines and will be called automatically by the interrupt handler code
when they are linked into a program. See the discussion of the <tt/.CONDES/
-feature in the <htmlurl url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
-
-
-
-<sect>Bugs/Feedback<p>
-
-If you have problems using the library, if you find any bugs, or if you're
-doing something interesting with it, I would be glad to hear from you. Feel
-free to contact me by email (<htmlurl url="mailto:uz@cc65.org"
-name="uz@cc65.org">).
+feature in the <url url="ca65.html" name="assembler manual">.
freely, subject to the following restrictions:
<enum>
-<item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
- claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
- in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
- appreciated but is not required.
-<item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
- be misrepresented as being the original software.
-<item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
- distribution.
+<item> The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
+ claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
+ in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
+ appreciated but is not required.
+<item> Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
+ be misrepresented as being the original software.
+<item> This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ distribution.
</enum>
</article>
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projects / cc65 / blobdiff