3 Michael Stapelberg <michael@i3wm.org>
6 This document contains all the information you need to configure and use the i3
7 window manager. If it does not, please check https://www.reddit.com/r/i3wm/
8 first, then contact us on IRC (preferred) or post your question(s) on the
11 == Default keybindings
13 For the "too long; didn’t read" people, here is an overview of the default
14 keybindings (click to see the full-size image):
16 *Keys to use with $mod (Alt):*
18 image:keyboard-layer1.png["Keys to use with $mod (Alt)",width=600,link="keyboard-layer1.png"]
20 *Keys to use with Shift+$mod:*
22 image:keyboard-layer2.png["Keys to use with Shift+$mod",width=600,link="keyboard-layer2.png"]
24 The red keys are the modifiers you need to press (by default), the blue keys
27 Note that when starting i3 without a config file, i3-config-wizard will offer
28 you to create a config file in which the key positions (!) match what you see
29 in the image above, regardless of the keyboard layout you are using. If you
30 prefer to use a config file where the key letters match what you are seeing
31 above, just decline i3-config-wizard’s offer and base your config on
36 Throughout this guide, the keyword +$mod+ will be used to refer to the
37 configured modifier. This is the Alt key (+Mod1+) by default, with the Windows
38 key (+Mod4+) being a popular alternative that largely prevents conflicts with
39 application-defined shortcuts.
41 === Opening terminals and moving around
43 One very basic operation is opening a new terminal. By default, the keybinding
44 for this is +$mod+Enter+, that is Alt+Enter (+Mod1+Enter+) in the default
45 configuration. By pressing +$mod+Enter+, a new terminal will be opened. It
46 will fill the whole space available on your screen.
48 image:single_terminal.png[Single terminal]
50 If you now open another terminal, i3 will place it next to the current one,
51 splitting the screen size in half. Depending on your monitor, i3 will put the
52 created window beside the existing window (on wide displays) or below the
53 existing window (rotated displays).
55 image:two_terminals.png[Two terminals]
57 To move the focus between the two terminals, you can use the direction keys
58 which you may know from the editor +vi+. However, in i3, your homerow is used
59 for these keys (in +vi+, the keys are shifted to the left by one for
60 compatibility with most keyboard layouts). Therefore, +$mod+j+ is left, +$mod+k+
61 is down, +$mod+l+ is up and `$mod+;` is right. So, to switch between the
62 terminals, use +$mod+k+ or +$mod+l+. Of course, you can also use the arrow keys.
64 At the moment, your workspace is split (it contains two terminals) in a
65 specific direction (horizontal by default). Every window can be split
66 horizontally or vertically again, just like the workspace. The terminology is
67 "window" for a container that actually contains an X11 window (like a terminal
68 or browser) and "split container" for containers that consist of one or more
71 TODO: picture of the tree
73 To split a window vertically, press +$mod+v+ before you create the new window.
74 To split it horizontally, press +$mod+h+.
76 === Changing the container layout
78 A split container can have one of the following layouts:
81 Windows are sized so that every window gets an equal amount of space in the
82 container. splith distributes the windows horizontally (windows are right next
83 to each other), splitv distributes them vertically (windows are on top of each
86 Only the focused window in the container is displayed. You get a list of
87 windows at the top of the container.
89 The same principle as +stacking+, but the list of windows at the top is only
90 a single line which is vertically split.
92 To switch modes, press +$mod+e+ for splith/splitv (it toggles), +$mod+s+ for
93 stacking and +$mod+w+ for tabbed.
95 image:modes.png[Container modes]
97 === Toggling fullscreen mode for a window
99 To display a window in fullscreen mode or to go out of fullscreen mode again,
102 There is also a global fullscreen mode in i3 in which the client will span all
103 available outputs (the command is +fullscreen toggle global+).
105 === Opening other applications
107 Aside from opening applications from a terminal, you can also use the handy
108 +dmenu+ which is opened by pressing +$mod+d+ by default. Just type the name
109 (or a part of it) of the application which you want to open. The corresponding
110 application has to be in your +$PATH+ for this to work.
112 Additionally, if you have applications you open very frequently, you can
113 create a keybinding for starting the application directly. See the section
114 <<configuring>> for details.
118 If an application does not provide a mechanism for closing (most applications
119 provide a menu, the escape key or a shortcut like +Control+w+ to close), you
120 can press +$mod+Shift+q+ to kill a window. For applications which support
121 the WM_DELETE protocol, this will correctly close the application (saving
122 any modifications or doing other cleanup). If the application doesn’t support
123 the WM_DELETE protocol your X server will kill the window and the behaviour
124 depends on the application.
128 Workspaces are an easy way to group a set of windows. By default, you are on
129 the first workspace, as the bar on the bottom left indicates. To switch to
130 another workspace, press +$mod+num+ where +num+ is the number of the workspace
131 you want to use. If the workspace does not exist yet, it will be created.
133 A common paradigm is to put the web browser on one workspace, communication
134 applications (+mutt+, +irssi+, ...) on another one, and the ones with which you
135 work, on the third one. Of course, there is no need to follow this approach.
137 If you have multiple screens, a workspace will be created on each screen at
138 startup. If you open a new workspace, it will be bound to the screen you
139 created it on. When you switch to a workspace on another screen, i3 will set
140 focus to that screen.
142 === Moving windows to workspaces
144 To move a window to another workspace, simply press +$mod+Shift+num+ where
145 +num+ is (like when switching workspaces) the number of the target workspace.
146 Similarly to switching workspaces, the target workspace will be created if
147 it does not yet exist.
151 The easiest way to resize a container is by using the mouse: Grab the border
152 and move it to the wanted size.
154 You can also use <<binding_modes>> to define a mode for resizing via the
155 keyboard. To see an example for this, look at the
156 https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes[default config] provided
159 === Restarting i3 inplace
161 To restart i3 in place (and thus get into a clean state if there is a bug, or
162 to upgrade to a newer version of i3) you can use +$mod+Shift+r+.
166 To cleanly exit i3 without killing your X server, you can use +$mod+Shift+e+.
167 By default, a dialog will ask you to confirm if you really want to quit.
171 Floating mode is the opposite of tiling mode. The position and size of
172 a window are not managed automatically by i3, but manually by
173 you. Using this mode violates the tiling paradigm but can be useful
174 for some corner cases like "Save as" dialog windows, or toolbar
175 windows (GIMP or similar). Those windows usually set the appropriate
176 hint and are opened in floating mode by default.
178 You can toggle floating mode for a window by pressing +$mod+Shift+Space+. By
179 dragging the window’s titlebar with your mouse you can move the window
180 around. By grabbing the borders and moving them you can resize the window. You
181 can also do that by using the <<floating_modifier>>. Another way to resize
182 floating windows using the mouse is to right-click on the titlebar and drag.
184 For resizing floating windows with your keyboard, see the resizing binding mode
185 provided by the i3 https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes[default config].
187 Floating windows are always on top of tiling windows.
191 i3 stores all information about the X11 outputs, workspaces and layout of the
192 windows on them in a tree. The root node is the X11 root window, followed by
193 the X11 outputs, then dock areas and a content container, then workspaces and
194 finally the windows themselves. In previous versions of i3 we had multiple lists
195 (of outputs, workspaces) and a table for each workspace. That approach turned
196 out to be complicated to use (snapping), understand and implement.
198 === The tree consists of Containers
200 The building blocks of our tree are so-called +Containers+. A +Container+ can
201 host a window (meaning an X11 window, one that you can actually see and use,
202 like a browser). Alternatively, it could contain one or more +Containers+. A
203 simple example is the workspace: When you start i3 with a single monitor, a
204 single workspace and you open two terminal windows, you will end up with a tree
207 image::tree-layout2.png["layout2",float="right"]
208 image::tree-shot4.png["shot4",title="Two terminals on standard workspace"]
211 === Orientation and Split Containers
213 It is only natural to use so-called +Split Containers+ in order to build a
214 layout when using a tree as data structure. In i3, every +Container+ has an
215 orientation (horizontal, vertical or unspecified) and the orientation depends
216 on the layout the container is in (vertical for splitv and stacking, horizontal
217 for splith and tabbed). So, in our example with the workspace, the default
218 layout of the workspace +Container+ is splith (most monitors are widescreen
219 nowadays). If you change the layout to splitv (+$mod+v+ in the default config)
220 and *then* open two terminals, i3 will configure your windows like this:
222 image::tree-shot2.png["shot2",title="Vertical Workspace Orientation"]
224 An interesting new feature of i3 since version 4 is the ability to split anything:
225 Let’s assume you have two terminals on a workspace (with splith layout, that is
226 horizontal orientation), focus is on the right terminal. Now you want to open
227 another terminal window below the current one. If you would just open a new
228 terminal window, it would show up to the right due to the splith layout.
229 Instead, press +$mod+v+ to split the container with the splitv layout (to
230 open a +Horizontal Split Container+, use +$mod+h+). Now you can open a new
231 terminal and it will open below the current one:
233 image::tree-layout1.png["Layout",float="right"]
234 image::tree-shot1.png["shot",title="Vertical Split Container"]
238 You probably guessed it already: There is no limit on how deep your hierarchy
243 Let’s stay with our example from above. We have a terminal on the left and two
244 vertically split terminals on the right, focus is on the bottom right one. When
245 you open a new terminal, it will open below the current one.
247 So, how can you open a new terminal window to the *right* of the current one?
248 The solution is to use +focus parent+, which will focus the +Parent Container+ of
249 the current +Container+. In this case, you would focus the +Vertical Split
250 Container+ which is *inside* the horizontally oriented workspace. Thus, now new
251 windows will be opened to the right of the +Vertical Split Container+:
253 image::tree-shot3.png["shot3",title="Focus parent, then open new terminal"]
255 === Implicit containers
257 In some cases, i3 needs to implicitly create a container to fulfill your
260 One example is the following scenario: You start i3 with a single monitor and a
261 single workspace on which you open three terminal windows. All these terminal
262 windows are directly attached to one node inside i3’s layout tree, the
263 workspace node. By default, the workspace node’s orientation is +horizontal+.
265 Now you move one of these terminals down (+$mod+Shift+k+ by default). The
266 workspace node’s orientation will be changed to +vertical+. The terminal window
267 you moved down is directly attached to the workspace and appears on the bottom
268 of the screen. A new (horizontal) container was created to accommodate the
269 other two terminal windows. You will notice this when switching to tabbed mode
270 (for example). You would end up having one tab with a representation of the split
271 container (e.g., "H[urxvt firefox]") and the other one being the terminal window
277 This is where the real fun begins ;-). Most things are very dependent on your
278 ideal working environment so we can’t make reasonable defaults for them.
280 While not using a programming language for the configuration, i3 stays
281 quite flexible in regards to the things you usually want your window manager
284 For example, you can configure bindings to jump to specific windows,
285 you can set specific applications to start on specific workspaces, you can
286 automatically start applications, you can change the colors of i3, and you
287 can bind your keys to do useful things.
289 To change the configuration of i3, copy +/etc/i3/config+ to +\~/.i3/config+
290 (or +~/.config/i3/config+ if you like the XDG directory scheme) and edit it
293 On first start (and on all following starts, unless you have a configuration
294 file), i3 will offer you to create a configuration file. You can tell the
295 wizard to use either Alt (+Mod1+) or Windows (+Mod4+) as modifier in the config
296 file. Also, the created config file will use the key symbols of your current
297 keyboard layout. To start the wizard, use the command +i3-config-wizard+.
298 Please note that you must not have +~/.i3/config+, otherwise the wizard will
301 Since i3 4.0, a new configuration format is used. i3 will try to automatically
302 detect the format version of a config file based on a few different keywords,
303 but if you want to make sure that your config is read with the new format,
304 include the following line in your config file:
306 ---------------------
307 # i3 config file (v4)
308 ---------------------
312 It is possible and recommended to use comments in your configuration file to
313 properly document your setup for later reference. Comments are started with
314 a # and can only be used at the beginning of a line:
324 i3 has support for both X core fonts and FreeType fonts (through Pango) to
325 render window titles.
327 To generate an X core font description, you can use +xfontsel(1)+. To see
328 special characters (Unicode), you need to use a font which supports the
331 A FreeType font description is composed by a font family, a style, a weight,
332 a variant, a stretch and a size.
333 FreeType fonts support right-to-left rendering and contain often more
334 Unicode glyphs than X core fonts.
336 If i3 cannot open the configured font, it will output an error in the logfile
337 and fall back to a working font.
340 ------------------------------
341 font <X core font description>
342 font pango:<family list> [<style options>] <size>
343 ------------------------------
346 --------------------------------------------------------------
347 font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1
348 font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono 10
349 font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono, Terminus Bold Semi-Condensed 11
350 font pango:Terminus 11px
351 --------------------------------------------------------------
354 === Keyboard bindings
356 A keyboard binding makes i3 execute a command (see below) upon pressing a
357 specific key. i3 allows you to bind either on keycodes or on keysyms (you can
358 also mix your bindings, though i3 will not protect you from overlapping ones).
360 * A keysym (key symbol) is a description for a specific symbol, like "a"
361 or "b", but also more strange ones like "underscore" instead of "_". These
362 are the ones you use in Xmodmap to remap your keys. To get the current
363 mapping of your keys, use +xmodmap -pke+. To interactively enter a key and
364 see what keysym it is configured to, use +xev+.
366 * Keycodes do not need to have a symbol assigned (handy for custom vendor
367 hotkeys on some notebooks) and they will not change their meaning as you
368 switch to a different keyboard layout (when using +xmodmap+).
370 My recommendation is: If you often switch keyboard layouts but you want to keep
371 your bindings in the same physical location on the keyboard, use keycodes.
372 If you don’t switch layouts, and want a clean and simple config file, use
375 Some tools (such as +import+ or +xdotool+) might be unable to run upon a
376 KeyPress event, because the keyboard/pointer is still grabbed. For these
377 situations, the +--release+ flag can be used, which will execute the command
378 after the keys have been released.
381 ----------------------------------
382 bindsym [--release] [<Group>+][<Modifiers>+]<keysym> command
383 bindcode [--release] [<Group>+][<Modifiers>+]<keycode> command
384 ----------------------------------
387 --------------------------------
389 bindsym $mod+f fullscreen toggle
392 bindsym $mod+Shift+r restart
394 # Notebook-specific hotkeys
395 bindcode 214 exec --no-startup-id /home/michael/toggle_beamer.sh
397 # Simulate ctrl+v upon pressing $mod+x
398 bindsym --release $mod+x exec --no-startup-id xdotool key --clearmodifiers ctrl+v
400 # Take a screenshot upon pressing $mod+x (select an area)
401 bindsym --release $mod+x exec --no-startup-id import /tmp/latest-screenshot.png
402 --------------------------------
406 Mod1-Mod5, Shift, Control::
407 Standard modifiers, see +xmodmap(1)+
409 Group1, Group2, Group3, Group4::
410 When using multiple keyboard layouts (e.g. with `setxkbmap -layout us,ru`), you
411 can specify in which XKB group (also called “layout”) a keybinding should be
412 active. By default, keybindings are translated in Group1 and are active in all
413 groups. If you want to override keybindings in one of your layouts, specify the
414 corresponding group. For backwards compatibility, the group “Mode_switch” is an
420 A mouse binding makes i3 execute a command upon pressing a specific mouse
421 button in the scope of the clicked container (see <<command_criteria>>). You
422 can configure mouse bindings in a similar way to key bindings.
425 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
426 bindsym [--release] [--border] [--whole-window] [--exclude-titlebar] [<Modifiers>+]button<n> command
427 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
429 By default, the binding will only run when you click on the titlebar of the
430 window. If the +--release+ flag is given, it will run when the mouse button
433 If the +--whole-window+ flag is given, the binding will also run when any part
434 of the window is clicked, with the exception of the border. To have a bind run
435 when the border is clicked, specify the +--border+ flag.
437 If the +--exclude-titlebar+ flag is given, the titlebar will not be considered
441 --------------------------------
442 # The middle button over a titlebar kills the window
443 bindsym --release button2 kill
445 # The middle button and a modifer over any part of the window kills the window
446 bindsym --whole-window $mod+button2 kill
448 # The right button toggles floating
449 bindsym button3 floating toggle
450 bindsym $mod+button3 floating toggle
452 # The side buttons move the window around
453 bindsym button9 move left
454 bindsym button8 move right
455 --------------------------------
460 You can have multiple sets of bindings by using different binding modes. When
461 you switch to another binding mode, all bindings from the current mode are
462 released and only the bindings defined in the new mode are valid for as long as
463 you stay in that binding mode. The only predefined binding mode is +default+,
464 which is the mode i3 starts out with and to which all bindings not defined in a
465 specific binding mode belong.
467 Working with binding modes consists of two parts: defining a binding mode and
468 switching to it. For these purposes, there are one config directive and one
469 command, both of which are called +mode+. The directive is used to define the
470 bindings belonging to a certain binding mode, while the command will switch to
473 It is recommended to use binding modes in combination with <<variables>> in
474 order to make maintenance easier. Below is an example of how to use a binding
477 Note that it is advisable to define bindings for switching back to the default
480 Note that it is possible to use <<pango_markup>> for binding modes, but you
481 need to enable it explicitly by passing the +--pango_markup+ flag to the mode
485 ----------------------------
487 mode [--pango_markup] <name>
491 ----------------------------
494 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
495 # Press $mod+o followed by either f, t, Escape or Return to launch firefox,
496 # thunderbird or return to the default mode, respectively.
497 set $mode_launcher Launch: [f]irefox [t]hunderbird
498 bindsym $mod+o mode "$mode_launcher"
500 mode "$mode_launcher" {
501 bindsym f exec firefox
502 bindsym t exec thunderbird
504 bindsym Escape mode "default"
505 bindsym Return mode "default"
507 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
509 [[floating_modifier]]
510 === The floating modifier
512 To move floating windows with your mouse, you can either grab their titlebar
513 or configure the so-called floating modifier which you can then press and
514 click anywhere in the window itself to move it. The most common setup is to
515 use the same key you use for managing windows (Mod1 for example). Then
516 you can press Mod1, click into a window using your left mouse button, and drag
517 it to the position you want.
519 When holding the floating modifier, you can resize a floating window by
520 pressing the right mouse button on it and moving around while holding it. If
521 you hold the shift button as well, the resize will be proportional (the aspect
522 ratio will be preserved).
525 --------------------------------
526 floating_modifier <Modifier>
527 --------------------------------
530 --------------------------------
531 floating_modifier Mod1
532 --------------------------------
534 === Constraining floating window size
536 The maximum and minimum dimensions of floating windows can be specified. If
537 either dimension of +floating_maximum_size+ is specified as -1, that dimension
538 will be unconstrained with respect to its maximum value. If either dimension of
539 +floating_maximum_size+ is undefined, or specified as 0, i3 will use a default
540 value to constrain the maximum size. +floating_minimum_size+ is treated in a
541 manner analogous to +floating_maximum_size+.
544 ----------------------------------------
545 floating_minimum_size <width> x <height>
546 floating_maximum_size <width> x <height>
547 ----------------------------------------
550 --------------------------------------
551 floating_minimum_size 75 x 50
552 floating_maximum_size -1 x -1
553 --------------------------------------
555 === Orientation for new workspaces
557 New workspaces get a reasonable default orientation: Wide-screen monitors
558 (anything wider than high) get horizontal orientation, rotated monitors
559 (anything higher than wide) get vertical orientation.
561 With the +default_orientation+ configuration directive, you can override that
565 --------------------------------------------
566 default_orientation horizontal|vertical|auto
567 --------------------------------------------
570 ----------------------------
571 default_orientation vertical
572 ----------------------------
574 === Layout mode for new containers
576 This option determines in which mode new containers on workspace level will
580 ---------------------------------------------
581 workspace_layout default|stacking|tabbed
582 ---------------------------------------------
585 ---------------------
586 workspace_layout tabbed
587 ---------------------
589 === Default border style for new windows
591 This option determines which border style new windows will have. The default is
592 +normal+. Note that default_floating_border applies only to windows which are starting out as
593 floating windows, e.g., dialog windows, but not windows that are floated later on.
596 ---------------------------------------------
597 default_border normal|none|pixel
598 default_border normal|pixel <px>
599 default_floating_border normal|none|pixel
600 default_floating_border normal|pixel <px>
601 ---------------------------------------------
603 Please note that +new_window+ and +new_float+ have been deprecated in favor of the above options
604 and will be removed in a future release. We strongly recommend using the new options instead.
607 ---------------------
609 ---------------------
611 The "normal" and "pixel" border styles support an optional border width in
615 ---------------------
616 # The same as default_border none
617 default_border pixel 0
620 default_border pixel 3
621 ---------------------
624 [[_hiding_vertical_borders]]
625 === Hiding borders adjacent to the screen edges
627 You can hide container borders adjacent to the screen edges using
628 +hide_edge_borders+. This is useful if you are using scrollbars, or do not want
629 to waste even two pixels in displayspace. The "smart" setting hides borders on
630 workspaces with only one window visible, but keeps them on workspaces with
631 multiple windows visible. Default is none.
634 -----------------------------------------------
635 hide_edge_borders none|vertical|horizontal|both|smart
636 -----------------------------------------------
639 ----------------------
640 hide_edge_borders vertical
641 ----------------------
644 === Arbitrary commands for specific windows (for_window)
646 With the +for_window+ command, you can let i3 execute any command when it
647 encounters a specific window. This can be used to set windows to floating or to
648 change their border style, for example.
651 -------------------------------
652 for_window <criteria> <command>
653 -------------------------------
656 ------------------------------------------------
657 # enable floating mode for all XTerm windows
658 for_window [class="XTerm"] floating enable
660 # Make all urxvts use a 1-pixel border:
661 for_window [class="urxvt"] border pixel 1
663 # A less useful, but rather funny example:
664 # makes the window floating as soon as I change
665 # directory to ~/work
666 for_window [title="x200: ~/work"] floating enable
667 ------------------------------------------------
669 The valid criteria are the same as those for commands, see <<command_criteria>>.
672 === Don't focus window upon opening
674 When a new window appears, it will be focused. The +no_focus+ directive allows preventing
675 this from happening and must be used in combination with <<command_criteria>>.
677 Note that this does not apply to all cases, e.g., when feeding data into a running application
678 causing it to request being focused. To configure the behavior in such cases, refer to
679 <<focus_on_window_activation>>.
681 +no_focus+ will also be ignored for the first window on a workspace as there shouldn't be
682 a reason to not focus the window in this case. This allows for better usability in
683 combination with +workspace_layout+.
691 -------------------------------
692 no_focus [window_role="pop-up"]
693 -------------------------------
698 As you learned in the section about keyboard bindings, you will have
699 to configure lots of bindings containing modifier keys. If you want to save
700 yourself some typing and be able to change the modifier you use later,
701 variables can be handy.
709 ------------------------
711 bindsym $m+Shift+r restart
712 ------------------------
714 Variables are directly replaced in the file when parsing. Variables expansion
715 is not recursive so it is not possible to define a variable with a value
716 containing another variable. There is no fancy handling and there are
717 absolutely no plans to change this. If you need a more dynamic configuration
718 you should create a little script which generates a configuration file and run
719 it before starting i3 (for example in your +~/.xsession+ file).
721 Also see <<xresources>> to learn how to create variables based on resources
722 loaded from the X resource database.
727 <<variables>> can also be created using a value configured in the X resource
728 database. This is useful, for example, to avoid configuring color values within
729 the i3 configuration. Instead, the values can be configured, once, in the X
730 resource database to achieve an easily maintainable, consistent color theme
731 across many X applications.
733 Defining a resource will load this resource from the resource database and
734 assign its value to the specified variable. A fallback must be specified in
735 case the resource cannot be loaded from the database.
738 ----------------------------------------------------
739 set_from_resource $<name> <resource_name> <fallback>
740 ----------------------------------------------------
743 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
744 # The ~/.Xresources should contain a line such as
746 # and must be loaded properly, e.g., by using
748 # This value is picked up on by other applications (e.g., the URxvt terminal
749 # emulator) and can be used in i3 like this:
750 set_from_resource $black i3wm.color0 #000000
751 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
754 === Automatically putting clients on specific workspaces
756 To automatically make a specific window show up on a specific workspace, you
757 can use an *assignment*. You can match windows by using any criteria,
758 see <<command_criteria>>. It is recommended that you match on window classes
759 (and instances, when appropriate) instead of window titles whenever possible
760 because some applications first create their window, and then worry about
761 setting the correct title. Firefox with Vimperator comes to mind. The window
762 starts up being named Firefox, and only when Vimperator is loaded does the
763 title change. As i3 will get the title as soon as the application maps the
764 window (mapping means actually displaying it on the screen), you’d need to have
765 to match on 'Firefox' in this case.
767 You can also assign a window to show up on a specific output. You can use RandR
768 names such as +VGA1+ or names relative to the output with the currently focused
769 workspace such as +left+ and +down+.
771 Assignments are processed by i3 in the order in which they appear in the config
772 file. The first one which matches the window wins and later assignments are not
776 ------------------------------------------------------------
777 assign <criteria> [→] [workspace] [number] <workspace>
778 assign <criteria> [→] output left|right|up|down|primary|<output>
779 ------------------------------------------------------------
782 ----------------------
783 # Assign URxvt terminals to workspace 2
784 assign [class="URxvt"] 2
786 # Same thing, but more precise (exact match instead of substring)
787 assign [class="^URxvt$"] 2
789 # Same thing, but with a beautiful arrow :)
790 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → 2
792 # Assignment to a named workspace
793 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → work
795 # Assign to the workspace with number 2, regardless of name
796 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → number 2
798 # You can also specify a number + name. If the workspace with number 2 exists, assign will skip the text part.
799 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → number "2: work"
801 # Start urxvt -name irssi
802 assign [class="^URxvt$" instance="^irssi$"] → 3
804 # Assign urxvt to the output right of the current one
805 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → output right
807 # Assign urxvt to the primary output
808 assign [class="^URxvt$"] → output primary
809 ----------------------
811 Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:
812 -------------------------
813 xrandr --output <output> --primary
814 -------------------------
816 Also, the arrow is not required, it just looks good :-). If you decide to
817 use it, it has to be a UTF-8 encoded arrow, not `->` or something like that.
819 To get the class and instance, you can use +xprop+. After clicking on the
820 window, you will see the following output:
823 -----------------------------------
824 WM_CLASS(STRING) = "irssi", "URxvt"
825 -----------------------------------
827 The first part of the WM_CLASS is the instance ("irssi" in this example), the
828 second part is the class ("URxvt" in this example).
830 Should you have any problems with assignments, make sure to check the i3
831 logfile first (see https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html). It includes more
832 details about the matching process and the window’s actual class, instance and
833 title when starting up.
835 Note that if you want to start an application just once on a specific
836 workspace, but you don’t want to assign all instances of it permanently, you
837 can make use of i3’s startup-notification support (see <<exec>>) in your config
838 file in the following way:
840 *Start iceweasel on workspace 3 (once)*:
841 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
842 # Start iceweasel on workspace 3, then switch back to workspace 1
843 # (Being a command-line utility, i3-msg does not support startup notifications,
844 # hence the exec --no-startup-id.)
845 # (Starting iceweasel with i3’s exec command is important in order to make i3
846 # create a startup notification context, without which the iceweasel window(s)
847 # cannot be matched onto the workspace on which the command was started.)
848 exec --no-startup-id i3-msg 'workspace 3; exec iceweasel; workspace 1'
849 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
851 === Automatically starting applications on i3 startup
853 By using the +exec+ keyword outside a keybinding, you can configure
854 which commands will be performed by i3 on initial startup. +exec+
855 commands will not run when restarting i3, if you need a command to run
856 also when restarting i3 you should use the +exec_always+
857 keyword. These commands will be run in order.
859 See <<command_chaining>> for details on the special meaning of +;+ (semicolon)
860 and +,+ (comma): they chain commands together in i3, so you need to use quoted
861 strings (as shown in <<exec_quoting>>) if they appear in your command.
864 ---------------------------------------
865 exec [--no-startup-id] <command>
866 exec_always [--no-startup-id] <command>
867 ---------------------------------------
870 --------------------------------
872 exec_always ~/my_script.sh
874 # Execute the terminal emulator urxvt, which is not yet startup-notification aware.
875 exec --no-startup-id urxvt
876 --------------------------------
878 The flag --no-startup-id is explained in <<exec>>.
881 === Automatically putting workspaces on specific screens
883 If you assign clients to workspaces, it might be handy to put the
884 workspaces on specific screens. Also, the assignment of workspaces to screens
885 will determine which workspace i3 uses for a new screen when adding screens
886 or when starting (e.g., by default it will use 1 for the first screen, 2 for
887 the second screen and so on).
890 -------------------------------------
891 workspace <workspace> output <output>
892 -------------------------------------
894 The 'output' is the name of the RandR output you attach your screen to. On a
895 laptop, you might have VGA1 and LVDS1 as output names. You can see the
896 available outputs by running +xrandr --current+.
898 If your X server supports RandR 1.5 or newer, i3 will use RandR monitor objects
899 instead of output objects. Run +xrandr --listmonitors+ to see a list. Usually,
900 a monitor object contains exactly one output, and has the same name as the
901 output; but should that not be the case, you may specify the name of either the
902 monitor or the output in i3's configuration. For example, the Dell UP2414Q uses
903 two scalers internally, so its output names might be “DP1” and “DP2”, but the
904 monitor name is “Dell UP2414Q”.
906 (Note that even if you specify the name of an output which doesn't span the
907 entire monitor, i3 will still use the entire area of the containing monitor
908 rather than that of just the output's.)
910 If you use named workspaces, they must be quoted:
913 ---------------------------
914 workspace 1 output LVDS1
915 workspace 5 output VGA1
916 workspace "2: vim" output VGA1
917 ---------------------------
921 You can change all colors which i3 uses to draw the window decorations.
924 --------------------------------------------------------------------
925 <colorclass> <border> <background> <text> <indicator> <child_border>
926 --------------------------------------------------------------------
928 Where colorclass can be one of:
931 A client which currently has the focus.
932 client.focused_inactive::
933 A client which is the focused one of its container, but it does not have
934 the focus at the moment.
936 A client which is not the focused one of its container.
938 A client which has its urgency hint activated.
940 Background and text color are used to draw placeholder window contents
941 (when restoring layouts). Border and indicator are ignored.
943 Background color which will be used to paint the background of the
944 client window on top of which the client will be rendered. Only clients
945 which do not cover the whole area of this window expose the color. Note
946 that this colorclass only takes a single color.
948 Colors are in HTML hex format (#rrggbb), see the following example:
950 *Examples (default colors)*:
951 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
952 # class border backgr. text indicator child_border
953 client.focused #4c7899 #285577 #ffffff #2e9ef4 #285577
954 client.focused_inactive #333333 #5f676a #ffffff #484e50 #5f676a
955 client.unfocused #333333 #222222 #888888 #292d2e #222222
956 client.urgent #2f343a #900000 #ffffff #900000 #900000
957 client.placeholder #000000 #0c0c0c #ffffff #000000 #0c0c0c
959 client.background #ffffff
960 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
962 Note that for the window decorations, the color around the child window is the
963 "child_border", and "border" color is only the two thin lines around the
966 The indicator color is used for indicating where a new window will be opened.
967 For horizontal split containers, the right border will be painted in indicator
968 color, for vertical split containers, the bottom border. This only applies to
969 single windows within a split container, which are otherwise indistinguishable
970 from single windows outside of a split container.
972 === Interprocess communication
974 i3 uses Unix sockets to provide an IPC interface. This allows third-party
975 programs to get information from i3, such as the current workspaces
976 (to display a workspace bar), and to control i3.
978 The IPC socket is enabled by default and will be created in
979 +/tmp/i3-%u.XXXXXX/ipc-socket.%p+ where +%u+ is your UNIX username, +%p+ is
980 the PID of i3 and XXXXXX is a string of random characters from the portable
981 filename character set (see mkdtemp(3)).
983 You can override the default path through the environment-variable +I3SOCK+ or
984 by specifying the +ipc-socket+ directive. This is discouraged, though, since i3
985 does the right thing by default. If you decide to change it, it is strongly
986 recommended to set this to a location in your home directory so that no other
987 user can create that directory.
990 ----------------------------
991 ipc-socket ~/.i3/i3-ipc.sock
992 ----------------------------
994 You can then use the +i3-msg+ application to perform any command listed in
997 === Focus follows mouse
999 By default, window focus follows your mouse movements as the mouse crosses
1000 window borders. However, if you have a setup where your mouse usually is in your
1001 way (like a touchpad on your laptop which you do not want to disable
1002 completely), you might want to disable 'focus follows mouse' and control focus
1003 only by using your keyboard. The mouse will still be useful inside the
1004 currently active window (for example to click on links in your browser window).
1007 --------------------------
1008 focus_follows_mouse yes|no
1009 --------------------------
1012 ----------------------
1013 focus_follows_mouse no
1014 ----------------------
1018 By default, when switching focus to a window on a different output (e.g.
1019 focusing a window on workspace 3 on output VGA-1, coming from workspace 2 on
1020 LVDS-1), the mouse cursor is warped to the center of that window.
1022 With the +mouse_warping+ option, you can control when the mouse cursor should
1023 be warped. +none+ disables warping entirely, whereas +output+ is the default
1024 behavior described above.
1027 -------------------------
1028 mouse_warping output|none
1029 -------------------------
1036 === Popups during fullscreen mode
1038 When you are in fullscreen mode, some applications still open popup windows
1039 (take Xpdf for example). This is because these applications may not be aware
1040 that they are in fullscreen mode (they do not check the corresponding hint).
1041 There are three things which are possible to do in this situation:
1043 1. Display the popup if it belongs to the fullscreen application only. This is
1044 the default and should be reasonable behavior for most users.
1045 2. Just ignore the popup (don’t map it). This won’t interrupt you while you are
1046 in fullscreen. However, some apps might react badly to this (deadlock until
1047 you go out of fullscreen).
1048 3. Leave fullscreen mode.
1051 -----------------------------------------------------
1052 popup_during_fullscreen smart|ignore|leave_fullscreen
1053 -----------------------------------------------------
1056 ------------------------------
1057 popup_during_fullscreen smart
1058 ------------------------------
1062 By default, when in a container with several windows or child containers, the
1063 opposite window will be focused when trying to move the focus over the edge of
1064 a container (and there are no other containers in that direction) -- the focus
1067 If desired, you can disable this behavior by setting the +focus_wrapping+
1068 configuration directive to the value +no+.
1070 When enabled, focus wrapping does not occur by default if there is another
1071 window or container in the specified direction, and focus will instead be set
1072 on that window or container. This is the default behavior so you can navigate
1073 to all your windows without having to use +focus parent+.
1075 If you want the focus to *always* wrap and you are aware of using +focus
1076 parent+ to switch to different containers, you can instead set +focus_wrapping+
1077 to the value +force+.
1080 ---------------------------
1081 focus_wrapping yes|no|force
1083 # Legacy syntax, equivalent to "focus_wrapping force"
1084 force_focus_wrapping yes
1085 ---------------------------
1089 # Disable focus wrapping
1092 # Force focus wrapping
1093 focus_wrapping force
1096 === Forcing Xinerama
1098 As explained in-depth in <https://i3wm.org/docs/multi-monitor.html>, some X11
1099 video drivers (especially the nVidia binary driver) only provide support for
1100 Xinerama instead of RandR. In such a situation, i3 must be told to use the
1101 inferior Xinerama API explicitly and therefore don’t provide support for
1102 reconfiguring your screens on the fly (they are read only once on startup and
1105 For people who cannot modify their +~/.xsession+ to add the
1106 +--force-xinerama+ commandline parameter, a configuration option is provided:
1109 ---------------------
1110 force_xinerama yes|no
1111 ---------------------
1118 Also note that your output names are not descriptive (like +HDMI1+) when using
1119 Xinerama, instead they are counted up, starting at 0: +xinerama-0+, +xinerama-1+, …
1121 === Automatic back-and-forth when switching to the current workspace
1123 This configuration directive enables automatic +workspace back_and_forth+ (see
1124 <<back_and_forth>>) when switching to the workspace that is currently focused.
1126 For instance: Assume you are on workspace "1: www" and switch to "2: IM" using
1127 mod+2 because somebody sent you a message. You don’t need to remember where you
1128 came from now, you can just press $mod+2 again to switch back to "1: www".
1131 ------------------------------------
1132 workspace_auto_back_and_forth yes|no
1133 ------------------------------------
1136 ---------------------------------
1137 workspace_auto_back_and_forth yes
1138 ---------------------------------
1140 === Delaying urgency hint reset on workspace change
1142 If an application on another workspace sets an urgency hint, switching to this
1143 workspace may lead to immediate focus of the application, which also means the
1144 window decoration color would be immediately reset to +client.focused+. This
1145 may make it unnecessarily hard to tell which window originally raised the
1148 In order to prevent this, you can tell i3 to delay resetting the urgency state
1149 by a certain time using the +force_display_urgency_hint+ directive. Setting the
1150 value to 0 disables this feature.
1152 The default is 500ms.
1155 ---------------------------------------
1156 force_display_urgency_hint <timeout> ms
1157 ---------------------------------------
1160 ---------------------------------
1161 force_display_urgency_hint 500 ms
1162 ---------------------------------
1164 [[focus_on_window_activation]]
1165 === Focus on window activation
1167 If a window is activated, e.g., via +google-chrome www.google.com+, it may request
1168 to take focus. Since this may not preferable, different reactions can be configured.
1170 Note that this may not affect windows that are being opened. To prevent new windows
1171 from being focused, see <<no_focus>>.
1174 --------------------------------------------------
1175 focus_on_window_activation smart|urgent|focus|none
1176 --------------------------------------------------
1178 The different modes will act as follows:
1181 This is the default behavior. If the window requesting focus is on an active
1182 workspace, it will receive the focus. Otherwise, the urgency hint will be set.
1184 The window will always be marked urgent, but the focus will not be stolen.
1186 The window will always be focused and not be marked urgent.
1188 The window will neither be focused, nor be marked urgent.
1191 === Drawing marks on window decoration
1193 If activated, marks (see <<vim_like_marks>>) on windows are drawn in their window
1194 decoration. However, any mark starting with an underscore in its name (+_+) will
1195 not be drawn even if this option is activated.
1197 The default for this option is +yes+.
1209 [[line_continuation]]
1210 === Line continuation
1212 Config files support line continuation, meaning when you end a line in a
1213 backslash character (`\`), the line-break will be ignored by the parser. This
1214 feature can be used to create more readable configuration files.
1215 Commented lines are not continued.
1222 # this line is not continued \
1223 bindsym Mod1+F fullscreen toggle
1226 == Configuring i3bar
1228 The bar at the bottom of your monitor is drawn by a separate process called
1229 i3bar. Having this part of "the i3 user interface" in a separate process has
1232 1. It is a modular approach. If you don’t need a workspace bar at all, or if
1233 you prefer a different one (dzen2, xmobar, maybe even gnome-panel?), you can
1234 just remove the i3bar configuration and start your favorite bar instead.
1235 2. It follows the UNIX philosophy of "Make each program do one thing well".
1236 While i3 manages your windows well, i3bar is good at displaying a bar on
1237 each monitor (unless you configure it otherwise).
1238 3. It leads to two separate, clean codebases. If you want to understand i3, you
1239 don’t need to bother with the details of i3bar and vice versa.
1241 That said, i3bar is configured in the same configuration file as i3. This is
1242 because it is tightly coupled with i3 (in contrary to i3lock or i3status which
1243 are useful for people using other window managers). Therefore, it makes no
1244 sense to use a different configuration place when we already have a good
1245 configuration infrastructure in place.
1247 Configuring your workspace bar starts with opening a +bar+ block. You can have
1248 multiple bar blocks to use different settings for different outputs (monitors):
1251 ---------------------------
1253 status_command i3status
1255 ---------------------------
1259 By default i3 will just pass +i3bar+ and let your shell handle the execution,
1260 searching your +$PATH+ for a correct version.
1261 If you have a different +i3bar+ somewhere or the binary is not in your +$PATH+ you can
1262 tell i3 what to execute.
1264 The specified command will be passed to +sh -c+, so you can use globbing and
1265 have to have correct quoting etc.
1268 -----------------------
1269 i3bar_command <command>
1270 -----------------------
1273 -------------------------------------------------
1275 i3bar_command /home/user/bin/i3bar
1277 -------------------------------------------------
1280 === Statusline command
1282 i3bar can run a program and display every line of its +stdout+ output on the
1283 right hand side of the bar. This is useful to display system information like
1284 your current IP address, battery status or date/time.
1286 The specified command will be passed to +sh -c+, so you can use globbing and
1287 have to have correct quoting etc. Note that for signal handling, depending on
1288 your shell (users of dash(1) are known to be affected), you have to use the
1289 shell’s exec command so that signals are passed to your program, not to the
1293 ------------------------
1294 status_command <command>
1295 ------------------------
1298 -------------------------------------------------
1300 status_command i3status --config ~/.i3status.conf
1302 # For dash(1) users who want signal handling to work:
1303 status_command exec ~/.bin/my_status_command
1305 -------------------------------------------------
1309 You can either have i3bar be visible permanently at one edge of the screen
1310 (+dock+ mode) or make it show up when you press your modifier key (+hide+ mode).
1311 It is also possible to force i3bar to always stay hidden (+invisible+
1312 mode). The modifier key can be configured using the +modifier+ option.
1314 The mode option can be changed during runtime through the +bar mode+ command.
1315 On reload the mode will be reverted to its configured value.
1317 The hide mode maximizes screen space that can be used for actual windows. Also,
1318 i3bar sends the +SIGSTOP+ and +SIGCONT+ signals to the statusline process to
1321 Invisible mode allows to permanently maximize screen space, as the bar is never
1322 shown. Thus, you can configure i3bar to not disturb you by popping up because
1323 of an urgency hint or because the modifier key is pressed.
1325 In order to control whether i3bar is hidden or shown in hide mode, there exists
1326 the hidden_state option, which has no effect in dock mode or invisible mode. It
1327 indicates the current hidden_state of the bar: (1) The bar acts like in normal
1328 hide mode, it is hidden and is only unhidden in case of urgency hints or by
1329 pressing the modifier key (+hide+ state), or (2) it is drawn on top of the
1330 currently visible workspace (+show+ state).
1332 Like the mode, the hidden_state can also be controlled through i3, this can be
1333 done by using the +bar hidden_state+ command.
1335 The default mode is dock mode; in hide mode, the default modifier is Mod4 (usually
1336 the windows key). The default value for the hidden_state is hide.
1339 -------------------------
1340 mode dock|hide|invisible
1341 hidden_state hide|show
1342 modifier <Modifier>|none
1343 ------------------------
1354 Available modifiers are Mod1-Mod5, Shift, Control (see +xmodmap(1)+). You can
1355 also use "none" if you don't want any modifier to trigger this behavior.
1357 === Mouse button commands
1359 Specifies a command to run when a button was pressed on i3bar to override the
1360 default behavior. This is useful, e.g., for disabling the scroll wheel action
1361 or running scripts that implement custom behavior for these buttons.
1363 A button is always named +button<n>+, where 1 to 5 are default buttons as follows and higher
1364 numbers can be special buttons on devices offering more buttons:
1369 Middle mouse button.
1377 Please note that the old +wheel_up_cmd+ and +wheel_down_cmd+ commands are deprecated
1378 and will be removed in a future release. We strongly recommend using the more general
1379 +bindsym+ with +button4+ and +button5+ instead.
1382 ----------------------------
1383 bindsym [--release] button<n> <command>
1384 ----------------------------
1387 ---------------------------------------------------------
1389 # disable clicking on workspace buttons
1391 # Take a screenshot by right clicking on the bar
1392 bindsym --release button3 exec --no-startup-id import /tmp/latest-screenshot.png
1393 # execute custom script when scrolling downwards
1394 bindsym button5 exec ~/.i3/scripts/custom_wheel_down
1396 ---------------------------------------------------------
1400 Specifies the bar ID for the configured bar instance. If this option is missing,
1401 the ID is set to 'bar-x', where x corresponds to the position of the embedding
1402 bar block in the config file ('bar-0', 'bar-1', ...).
1405 ---------------------
1407 ---------------------
1410 ---------------------
1414 ---------------------
1419 This option determines in which edge of the screen i3bar should show up.
1421 The default is bottom.
1429 ---------------------
1433 ---------------------
1437 You can restrict i3bar to one or more outputs (monitors). The default is to
1438 handle all outputs. Restricting the outputs is useful for using different
1439 options for different outputs by using multiple 'bar' blocks.
1441 To make a particular i3bar instance handle multiple outputs, specify the output
1442 directive multiple times.
1446 output primary|<output>
1450 -------------------------------
1451 # big monitor: everything
1453 # The display is connected either via HDMI or via DisplayPort
1456 status_command i3status
1459 # laptop monitor: bright colors and i3status with less modules.
1462 status_command i3status --config ~/.i3status-small.conf
1469 # show bar on the primary monitor and on HDMI2
1473 status_command i3status
1476 -------------------------------
1477 Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:
1478 -------------------------
1479 xrandr --output <output> --primary
1480 -------------------------
1484 i3bar by default provides a system tray area where programs such as
1485 NetworkManager, VLC, Pidgin, etc. can place little icons.
1487 You can configure on which output (monitor) the icons should be displayed or
1488 you can turn off the functionality entirely.
1490 You can use multiple +tray_output+ directives in your config to specify a list
1491 of outputs on which you want the tray to appear. The first available output in
1492 that list as defined by the order of the directives will be used for the tray
1496 ---------------------------------
1497 tray_output none|primary|<output>
1498 ---------------------------------
1501 -------------------------
1502 # disable system tray
1507 # show tray icons on the primary monitor
1512 # show tray icons on the big monitor
1516 -------------------------
1518 Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:
1519 -------------------------
1520 xrandr --output <output> --primary
1521 -------------------------
1523 Note that when you use multiple bar configuration blocks, either specify
1524 `tray_output primary` in all of them or explicitly specify `tray_output none`
1525 in bars which should not display the tray, otherwise the different instances
1526 might race each other in trying to display tray icons.
1530 The tray is shown on the right-hand side of the bar. By default, a padding of 2
1531 pixels is used for the upper, lower and right-hand side of the tray area and
1532 between the individual icons.
1535 -------------------------
1536 tray_padding <px> [px]
1537 -------------------------
1540 -------------------------
1543 -------------------------
1547 Specifies the font to be used in the bar. See <<fonts>>.
1550 ---------------------
1552 ---------------------
1555 --------------------------------------------------------------
1557 font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1
1558 font pango:DejaVu Sans Mono 10
1560 --------------------------------------------------------------
1562 === Custom separator symbol
1564 Specifies a custom symbol to be used for the separator as opposed to the vertical,
1565 one pixel thick separator.
1568 -------------------------
1569 separator_symbol <symbol>
1570 -------------------------
1573 ------------------------
1575 separator_symbol ":|:"
1577 ------------------------
1579 === Workspace buttons
1581 Specifies whether workspace buttons should be shown or not. This is useful if
1582 you want to display a statusline-only bar containing additional information.
1584 The default is to show workspace buttons.
1587 ------------------------
1588 workspace_buttons yes|no
1589 ------------------------
1592 ------------------------
1594 workspace_buttons no
1596 ------------------------
1598 === Strip workspace numbers
1600 Specifies whether workspace numbers should be displayed within the workspace
1601 buttons. This is useful if you want to have a named workspace that stays in
1602 order on the bar according to its number without displaying the number prefix.
1604 When +strip_workspace_numbers+ is set to +yes+, any workspace that has a name of
1605 the form "[n]:[NAME]" will display only the name. You could use this, for
1606 instance, to display Roman numerals rather than digits by naming your
1607 workspaces to "1:I", "2:II", "3:III", "4:IV", ...
1609 The default is to display the full name within the workspace button.
1612 ------------------------------
1613 strip_workspace_numbers yes|no
1614 ------------------------------
1617 ----------------------------
1619 strip_workspace_numbers yes
1621 ----------------------------
1623 === Binding Mode indicator
1625 Specifies whether the current binding mode indicator should be shown or not.
1626 This is useful if you want to hide the workspace buttons but still be able
1627 to see the current binding mode indicator. See <<binding_modes>> to learn what
1628 modes are and how to use them.
1630 The default is to show the mode indicator.
1633 -----------------------------
1634 binding_mode_indicator yes|no
1635 -----------------------------
1638 -----------------------------
1640 binding_mode_indicator no
1642 -----------------------------
1646 As with i3, colors are in HTML hex format (#rrggbb). The following colors can
1647 be configured at the moment:
1650 Background color of the bar.
1652 Text color to be used for the statusline.
1654 Text color to be used for the separator.
1655 focused_background::
1656 Background color of the bar on the currently focused monitor output. If
1657 not used, the color will be taken from +background+.
1658 focused_statusline::
1659 Text color to be used for the statusline on the currently focused
1660 monitor output. If not used, the color will be taken from +statusline+.
1662 Text color to be used for the separator on the currently focused
1663 monitor output. If not used, the color will be taken from +separator+.
1665 Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
1668 Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
1669 is active (visible) on some output, but the focus is on another one.
1670 You can only tell this apart from the focused workspace when you are
1671 using multiple monitors.
1672 inactive_workspace::
1673 Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
1674 does not have focus and is not active (visible) on any output. This
1675 will be the case for most workspaces.
1677 Border, background and text color for a workspace button when the workspace
1678 contains a window with the urgency hint set.
1680 Border, background and text color for the binding mode indicator. If not used,
1681 the colors will be taken from +urgent_workspace+.
1684 ----------------------------------------
1690 <colorclass> <border> <background> <text>
1692 ----------------------------------------
1694 *Example (default colors)*:
1695 --------------------------------------
1702 focused_workspace #4c7899 #285577 #ffffff
1703 active_workspace #333333 #5f676a #ffffff
1704 inactive_workspace #333333 #222222 #888888
1705 urgent_workspace #2f343a #900000 #ffffff
1706 binding_mode #2f343a #900000 #ffffff
1709 --------------------------------------
1713 Commands are what you bind to specific keypresses. You can also issue commands
1714 at runtime without pressing a key by using the IPC interface. An easy way to
1715 do this is to use the +i3-msg+ utility:
1718 --------------------------
1719 # execute this on your shell to make the current container borderless
1721 --------------------------
1723 [[command_chaining]]
1725 Commands can be chained by using +;+ (a semicolon). So, to move a window to a
1726 specific workspace and immediately switch to that workspace, you can configure
1727 the following keybinding:
1730 --------------------------------------------------------
1731 bindsym $mod+x move container to workspace 3; workspace 3
1732 --------------------------------------------------------
1734 [[command_criteria]]
1736 Furthermore, you can change the scope of a command - that is, which containers
1737 should be affected by that command, by using various criteria. The criteria
1738 are specified before any command in a pair of square brackets and are separated
1741 When using multiple commands, separate them by using a +,+ (a comma) instead of
1742 a semicolon. Criteria apply only until the next semicolon, so if you use a
1743 semicolon to separate commands, only the first one will be executed for the
1747 ------------------------------------
1748 # if you want to kill all windows which have the class Firefox, use:
1749 bindsym $mod+x [class="Firefox"] kill
1751 # same thing, but case-insensitive
1752 bindsym $mod+x [class="(?i)firefox"] kill
1754 # kill only the About dialog from Firefox
1755 bindsym $mod+x [class="Firefox" window_role="About"] kill
1757 # enable floating mode and move container to workspace 4
1758 for_window [class="^evil-app$"] floating enable, move container to workspace 4
1760 # move all floating windows to the scratchpad
1761 bindsym $mod+x [floating] move scratchpad
1762 ------------------------------------
1764 The criteria which are currently implemented are:
1767 Compares the window class (the second part of WM_CLASS). Use the
1768 special value +\_\_focused__+ to match all windows having the same window
1769 class as the currently focused window.
1771 Compares the window instance (the first part of WM_CLASS). Use the
1772 special value +\_\_focused__+ to match all windows having the same window
1773 instance as the currently focused window.
1775 Compares the window role (WM_WINDOW_ROLE). Use the special value
1776 +\_\_focused__+ to match all windows having the same window role as the
1777 currently focused window.
1779 Compare the window type (_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE). Possible values are
1780 +normal+, +dialog+, +utility+, +toolbar+, +splash+, +menu+, +dropdown_menu+,
1781 +popup_menu+, +tooltip+ and +notification+.
1783 Compares the X11 window ID, which you can get via +xwininfo+ for example.
1785 Compares the X11 window title (\_NET_WM_NAME or WM_NAME as fallback).
1786 Use the special value +\_\_focused__+ to match all windows having the
1787 same window title as the currently focused window.
1789 Compares the urgent state of the window. Can be "latest" or "oldest".
1790 Matches the latest or oldest urgent window, respectively.
1791 (The following aliases are also available: newest, last, recent, first)
1793 Compares the workspace name of the workspace the window belongs to. Use
1794 the special value +\_\_focused__+ to match all windows in the currently
1797 Compares the marks set for this container, see <<vim_like_marks>>. A
1798 match is made if any of the container's marks matches the specified
1801 Compares the i3-internal container ID, which you can get via the IPC
1802 interface. Handy for scripting. Use the special value +\_\_focused__+
1803 to match only the currently focused window.
1805 Only matches floating windows. This criterion requires no value.
1807 Only matches tiling windows. This criterion requires no value.
1809 The criteria +class+, +instance+, +role+, +title+, +workspace+ and +mark+ are
1810 actually regular expressions (PCRE). See +pcresyntax(3)+ or +perldoc perlre+ for
1811 information on how to use them.
1814 === Executing applications (exec)
1816 What good is a window manager if you can’t actually start any applications?
1817 The exec command starts an application by passing the command you specify to a
1818 shell. This implies that you can use globbing (wildcards) and programs will be
1819 searched in your +$PATH+.
1821 See <<command_chaining>> for details on the special meaning of +;+ (semicolon)
1822 and +,+ (comma): they chain commands together in i3, so you need to use quoted
1823 strings (as shown in <<exec_quoting>>) if they appear in your command.
1826 --------------------------------
1827 exec [--no-startup-id] <command>
1828 --------------------------------
1831 ------------------------------
1833 bindsym $mod+g exec gimp
1835 # Start the terminal emulator urxvt which is not yet startup-notification-aware
1836 bindsym $mod+Return exec --no-startup-id urxvt
1837 ------------------------------
1839 The +--no-startup-id+ parameter disables startup-notification support for this
1840 particular exec command. With startup-notification, i3 can make sure that a
1841 window appears on the workspace on which you used the exec command. Also, it
1842 will change the X11 cursor to +watch+ (a clock) while the application is
1843 launching. So, if an application is not startup-notification aware (most GTK
1844 and Qt using applications seem to be, though), you will end up with a watch
1845 cursor for 60 seconds.
1848 If the command to be executed contains a +;+ (semicolon) and/or a +,+ (comma),
1849 the entire command must be quoted. For example, to have a keybinding for the
1850 shell command +notify-send Hello, i3+, you would add an entry to your
1851 configuration file like this:
1854 ------------------------------
1855 # Execute a command with a comma in it
1856 bindsym $mod+p exec "notify-send Hello, i3"
1857 ------------------------------
1859 If however a command with a comma and/or semicolon itself requires quotes, you
1860 must escape the internal quotation marks with double backslashes, like this:
1863 ------------------------------
1864 # Execute a command with a comma, semicolon and internal quotes
1865 bindsym $mod+p exec "notify-send \\"Hello, i3; from $USER\\""
1866 ------------------------------
1868 === Splitting containers
1870 The split command makes the current window a split container. Split containers
1871 can contain multiple windows. Depending on the layout of the split container,
1872 new windows get placed to the right of the current one (splith) or new windows
1873 get placed below the current one (splitv).
1875 If you apply this command to a split container with the same orientation,
1876 nothing will happen. If you use a different orientation, the split container’s
1877 orientation will be changed (if it does not have more than one window).
1878 The +toggle+ option will toggle the orientation of the split container if it
1879 contains a single window. Otherwise it makes the current window a split
1880 container with opposite orientation compared to the parent container.
1881 Use +layout toggle split+ to change the layout of any split container from
1882 splitv to splith or vice-versa. You can also define a custom sequence of layouts
1883 to cycle through with +layout toggle+, see <<manipulating_layout>>.
1886 --------------------------------
1887 split vertical|horizontal|toggle
1888 --------------------------------
1891 -------------------------------
1892 bindsym $mod+v split vertical
1893 bindsym $mod+h split horizontal
1894 bindsym $mod+t split toggle
1895 -------------------------------
1897 === Manipulating layout
1899 Use +layout toggle split+, +layout stacking+, +layout tabbed+, +layout splitv+
1900 or +layout splith+ to change the current container layout to splith/splitv,
1901 stacking, tabbed layout, splitv or splith, respectively.
1903 Specify up to four layouts after +layout toggle+ to cycle through them. Every
1904 time the command is executed, the layout specified after the currently active
1905 one will be applied. If the currently active layout is not in the list, the
1906 first layout in the list will be activated.
1908 To make the current window (!) fullscreen, use +fullscreen enable+ (or
1909 +fullscreen enable global+ for the global mode), to leave either fullscreen
1910 mode use +fullscreen disable+, and to toggle between these two states use
1911 +fullscreen toggle+ (or +fullscreen toggle global+).
1913 Likewise, to make the current window floating (or tiling again) use +floating
1914 enable+ respectively +floating disable+ (or +floating toggle+):
1917 --------------------------------------------
1918 layout default|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith
1919 layout toggle [split|all]
1920 layout toggle [split|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith] [split|tabbed|stacking|splitv|splith]…
1921 --------------------------------------------
1925 bindsym $mod+s layout stacking
1926 bindsym $mod+l layout toggle split
1927 bindsym $mod+w layout tabbed
1929 # Toggle between stacking/tabbed/split:
1930 bindsym $mod+x layout toggle
1932 # Toggle between stacking/tabbed/splith/splitv:
1933 bindsym $mod+x layout toggle all
1935 # Toggle between stacking/tabbed/splith:
1936 bindsym $mod+x layout toggle stacking tabbed splith
1938 # Toggle between splitv/tabbed
1939 bindsym $mod+x layout toggle splitv tabbed
1941 # Toggle between last split layout/tabbed/stacking
1942 bindsym $mod+x layout toggle split tabbed stacking
1945 bindsym $mod+f fullscreen toggle
1947 # Toggle floating/tiling
1948 bindsym $mod+t floating toggle
1951 [[_focusing_moving_containers]]
1952 === Focusing containers
1954 To change focus, you can use the +focus+ command. The following options are
1958 Sets focus to the container that matches the specified criteria.
1959 See <<command_criteria>>.
1960 left|right|up|down::
1961 Sets focus to the nearest container in the given direction.
1963 Sets focus to the parent container of the current container.
1965 The opposite of +focus parent+, sets the focus to the last focused
1968 Sets focus to the last focused floating container.
1970 Sets focus to the last focused tiling container.
1972 Toggles between floating/tiling containers.
1974 Followed by a direction or an output name, this will focus the
1975 corresponding output.
1978 ----------------------------------------------
1980 focus left|right|down|up
1981 focus parent|child|floating|tiling|mode_toggle
1982 focus output left|right|up|down|primary|<output>
1983 ----------------------------------------------
1986 -------------------------------------------------
1988 bindsym $mod+F1 [class="Firefox"] focus
1990 # Focus container on the left, bottom, top, right
1991 bindsym $mod+j focus left
1992 bindsym $mod+k focus down
1993 bindsym $mod+l focus up
1994 bindsym $mod+semicolon focus right
1996 # Focus parent container
1997 bindsym $mod+u focus parent
1999 # Focus last floating/tiling container
2000 bindsym $mod+g focus mode_toggle
2002 # Focus the output right to the current one
2003 bindsym $mod+x focus output right
2005 # Focus the big output
2006 bindsym $mod+x focus output HDMI-2
2008 # Focus the primary output
2009 bindsym $mod+x focus output primary
2010 -------------------------------------------------
2012 Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:
2013 -------------------------
2014 xrandr --output <output> --primary
2015 -------------------------
2017 === Moving containers
2019 Use the +move+ command to move a container.
2022 -----------------------------------------------------
2023 # Moves the container into the given direction.
2024 # The optional pixel argument specifies how far the
2025 # container should be moved if it is floating and
2026 # defaults to 10 pixels.
2027 move <left|right|down|up> [<px> px]
2029 # Moves the container either to a specific location
2030 # or to the center of the screen. If 'absolute' is
2031 # used, it is moved to the center of all outputs.
2032 move [absolute] position <pos_x> [px] <pos_y> [px]
2033 move [absolute] position center
2035 # Moves the container to the current position of the
2036 # mouse cursor. Only affects floating containers.
2038 -----------------------------------------------------
2041 -------------------------------------------------------
2042 # Move container to the left, bottom, top, right
2043 bindsym $mod+j move left
2044 bindsym $mod+k move down
2045 bindsym $mod+l move up
2046 bindsym $mod+semicolon move right
2048 # Move container, but make floating containers
2049 # move more than the default
2050 bindsym $mod+j move left 20 px
2052 # Move floating container to the center of all outputs
2053 bindsym $mod+c move absolute position center
2055 # Move container to the current position of the cursor
2056 bindsym $mod+m move position mouse
2057 -------------------------------------------------------
2059 === Swapping containers
2061 Two containers can be swapped (i.e., move to each other's position) by using
2062 the +swap+ command. They will assume the position and geometry of the container
2063 they are swapped with.
2065 The first container to participate in the swapping can be selected through the
2066 normal command criteria process with the focused window being the usual
2067 fallback if no criteria are specified. The second container can be selected
2068 using one of the following methods:
2070 +id+:: The X11 window ID of a client window.
2071 +con_id+:: The i3 container ID of a container.
2072 +mark+:: A container with the specified mark, see <<vim_like_marks>>.
2074 Note that swapping does not work with all containers. Most notably, swapping
2075 floating containers or containers that have a parent-child relationship to one
2076 another does not work.
2079 ----------------------------------------
2080 swap container with id|con_id|mark <arg>
2081 ----------------------------------------
2084 -----------------------------------------------------------------
2085 # Swaps the focused container with the container marked »swapee«.
2086 swap container with mark swapee
2088 # Swaps container marked »A« and »B«
2089 [con_mark="^A$"] swap container with mark B
2090 -----------------------------------------------------------------
2092 === Sticky floating windows
2094 If you want a window to stick to the glass, i.e., have it stay on screen even
2095 if you switch to another workspace, you can use the +sticky+ command. For
2096 example, this can be useful for notepads, a media player or a video chat
2099 Note that while any window can be made sticky through this command, it will
2100 only take effect if the window is floating.
2103 ----------------------------
2104 sticky enable|disable|toggle
2105 ----------------------------
2108 ------------------------------------------------------
2109 # make a terminal sticky that was started as a notepad
2110 for_window [instance=notepad] sticky enable
2111 ------------------------------------------------------
2113 === Changing (named) workspaces/moving to workspaces
2115 To change to a specific workspace, use the +workspace+ command, followed by the
2116 number or name of the workspace. Pass the optional flag
2117 +--no-auto-back-and-forth+ to disable <<back_and_forth>> for this specific call
2120 To move containers to specific workspaces, use +move container to workspace+.
2122 You can also switch to the next and previous workspace with the commands
2123 +workspace next+ and +workspace prev+, which is handy, for example, if you have
2124 workspace 1, 3, 4 and 9 and you want to cycle through them with a single key
2125 combination. To restrict those to the current output, use +workspace
2126 next_on_output+ and +workspace prev_on_output+. Similarly, you can use +move
2127 container to workspace next+, +move container to workspace prev+ to move a
2128 container to the next/previous workspace and +move container to workspace current+
2129 (the last one makes sense only when used with criteria).
2131 +workspace next+ cycles through either numbered or named workspaces. But when it
2132 reaches the last numbered/named workspace, it looks for named workspaces after
2133 exhausting numbered ones and looks for numbered ones after exhausting named ones.
2135 See <<move_to_outputs>> for how to move a container/workspace to a different
2138 Workspace names are parsed as
2139 https://developer.gnome.org/pango/stable/PangoMarkupFormat.html[Pango markup]
2143 To switch back to the previously focused workspace, use +workspace
2144 back_and_forth+; likewise, you can move containers to the previously focused
2145 workspace using +move container to workspace back_and_forth+.
2148 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2149 workspace next|prev|next_on_output|prev_on_output
2150 workspace back_and_forth
2151 workspace [--no-auto-back-and-forth] <name>
2152 workspace [--no-auto-back-and-forth] number <name>
2154 move [--no-auto-back-and-forth] [window|container] [to] workspace <name>
2155 move [--no-auto-back-and-forth] [window|container] [to] workspace number <name>
2156 move [window|container] [to] workspace prev|next|current
2157 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2160 -------------------------
2161 bindsym $mod+1 workspace 1
2162 bindsym $mod+2 workspace 2
2163 bindsym $mod+3 workspace 3:<span foreground="red">vim</span>
2166 bindsym $mod+Shift+1 move container to workspace 1
2167 bindsym $mod+Shift+2 move container to workspace 2
2170 # switch between the current and the previously focused one
2171 bindsym $mod+b workspace back_and_forth
2172 bindsym $mod+Shift+b move container to workspace back_and_forth
2174 # move the whole workspace to the next output
2175 bindsym $mod+x move workspace to output right
2177 # move firefox to current workspace
2178 bindsym $mod+F1 [class="Firefox"] move workspace current
2179 -------------------------
2181 ==== Named workspaces
2183 Workspaces are identified by their name. So, instead of using numbers in the
2184 workspace command, you can use an arbitrary name:
2187 -------------------------
2188 bindsym $mod+1 workspace mail
2190 -------------------------
2192 If you want the workspace to have a number *and* a name, just prefix the
2196 -------------------------
2197 bindsym $mod+1 workspace 1: mail
2198 bindsym $mod+2 workspace 2: www
2200 -------------------------
2202 Note that the workspace will really be named "1: mail". i3 treats workspace
2203 names beginning with a number in a slightly special way. Normally, named
2204 workspaces are ordered the way they appeared. When they start with a number, i3
2205 will order them numerically. Also, you will be able to use +workspace number 1+
2206 to switch to the workspace which begins with number 1, regardless of which name
2207 it has. This is useful in case you are changing the workspace’s name
2208 dynamically. To combine both commands you can use +workspace number 1: mail+ to
2209 specify a default name if there's currently no workspace starting with a "1".
2211 ==== Renaming workspaces
2213 You can rename workspaces. This might be useful to start with the default
2214 numbered workspaces, do your work, and rename the workspaces afterwards to
2215 reflect what’s actually on them. You can also omit the old name to rename
2216 the currently focused workspace. This is handy if you want to use the
2217 rename command with +i3-input+.
2220 ----------------------------------------------------
2221 rename workspace <old_name> to <new_name>
2222 rename workspace to <new_name>
2223 ----------------------------------------------------
2226 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
2227 i3-msg 'rename workspace 5 to 6'
2228 i3-msg 'rename workspace 1 to "1: www"'
2229 i3-msg 'rename workspace "1: www" to "10: www"'
2230 i3-msg 'rename workspace to "2: mail"'
2231 bindsym $mod+r exec i3-input -F 'rename workspace to "%s"' -P 'New name: '
2232 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
2234 If you want to rename workspaces on demand while keeping the navigation stable,
2235 you can use a setup like this:
2238 -------------------------
2239 bindsym $mod+1 workspace number "1: www"
2240 bindsym $mod+2 workspace number "2: mail"
2242 -------------------------
2244 If a workspace does not exist, the command +workspace number "1: mail"+ will
2245 create workspace "1: mail".
2247 If a workspace with number 1 does already exist, the command will switch to this
2248 workspace and ignore the text part. So even when the workspace has been renamed
2249 to "1: web", the above command will still switch to it.
2251 === Moving workspaces to a different screen
2253 See <<move_to_outputs>> for how to move a container/workspace to a different
2257 [[_moving_containers_workspaces_to_randr_outputs]]
2258 === Moving containers/workspaces to RandR outputs
2260 To move a container to another RandR output (addressed by names like +LVDS1+ or
2261 +VGA1+) or to a RandR output identified by a specific direction (like +left+,
2262 +right+, +up+ or +down+), there are two commands:
2265 ------------------------------------------------------------
2266 move container to output left|right|down|up|current|primary|<output>
2267 move workspace to output left|right|down|up|current|primary|<output>
2268 ------------------------------------------------------------
2271 --------------------------------------------------------
2272 # Move the current workspace to the next output
2273 # (effectively toggles when you only have two outputs)
2274 bindsym $mod+x move workspace to output right
2276 # Put this window on the presentation output.
2277 bindsym $mod+x move container to output VGA1
2279 # Put this window on the primary output.
2280 bindsym $mod+x move container to output primary
2281 --------------------------------------------------------
2283 Note that you might not have a primary output configured yet. To do so, run:
2284 -------------------------
2285 xrandr --output <output> --primary
2286 -------------------------
2288 === Moving containers/windows to marks
2290 To move a container to another container with a specific mark (see <<vim_like_marks>>),
2291 you can use the following command.
2293 The window will be moved right after the marked container in the tree, i.e., it ends up
2294 in the same position as if you had opened a new window when the marked container was
2295 focused. If the mark is on a split container, the window will appear as a new child
2296 after the currently focused child within that container.
2299 ------------------------------------
2300 move window|container to mark <mark>
2301 ------------------------------------
2304 --------------------------------------------------------
2305 for_window [instance="tabme"] move window to mark target
2306 --------------------------------------------------------
2309 === Resizing containers/windows
2311 If you want to resize containers/windows using your keyboard, you can use the
2315 -------------------------------------------------------
2316 resize grow|shrink <direction> [<px> px [or <ppt> ppt]]
2317 resize set <width> [px | ppt] <height> [px | ppt]
2318 -------------------------------------------------------
2320 Direction can either be one of +up+, +down+, +left+ or +right+. Or you can be
2321 less specific and use +width+ or +height+, in which case i3 will take/give
2322 space from all the other containers. The optional pixel argument specifies by
2323 how many pixels a *floating container* should be grown or shrunk (the default
2324 is 10 pixels). The ppt argument means percentage points and specifies by how
2325 many percentage points a *tiling container* should be grown or shrunk (the
2326 default is 10 percentage points).
2328 Notes about +resize set+: a value of 0 for <width> or <height> means "do
2329 not resize in this direction", and resizing a tiling container by +px+ is not
2332 It is recommended to define bindings for resizing in a dedicated binding mode.
2333 See <<binding_modes>> and the example in the i3
2334 https://github.com/i3/i3/blob/next/etc/config.keycodes[default config] for more
2338 ------------------------------------------------
2339 for_window [class="urxvt"] resize set 640 480
2340 ------------------------------------------------
2342 === Jumping to specific windows
2344 Often when in a multi-monitor environment, you want to quickly jump to a
2345 specific window. For example, while working on workspace 3 you may want to
2346 jump to your mail client to email your boss that you’ve achieved some
2347 important goal. Instead of figuring out how to navigate to your mail client,
2348 it would be more convenient to have a shortcut. You can use the +focus+ command
2349 with criteria for that.
2352 ----------------------------------------------------
2353 [class="class"] focus
2354 [title="title"] focus
2355 ----------------------------------------------------
2358 ------------------------------------------------
2359 # Get me to the next open VIM instance
2360 bindsym $mod+a [class="urxvt" title="VIM"] focus
2361 ------------------------------------------------
2364 === VIM-like marks (mark/goto)
2366 This feature is like the jump feature: It allows you to directly jump to a
2367 specific window (this means switching to the appropriate workspace and setting
2368 focus to the windows). However, you can directly mark a specific window with
2369 an arbitrary label and use it afterwards. You can unmark the label in the same
2370 way, using the unmark command. If you don't specify a label, unmark removes all
2371 marks. You do not need to ensure that your windows have unique classes or
2372 titles, and you do not need to change your configuration file.
2374 As the command needs to include the label with which you want to mark the
2375 window, you cannot simply bind it to a key. +i3-input+ is a tool created
2376 for this purpose: It lets you input a command and sends the command to i3. It
2377 can also prefix this command and display a custom prompt for the input dialog.
2379 The additional +--toggle+ option will remove the mark if the window already has
2380 this mark or add it otherwise. Note that you may need to use this in
2381 combination with +--add+ (see below) as any other marks will otherwise be
2384 By default, a window can only have one mark. You can use the +--add+ flag to
2385 put more than one mark on a window.
2387 Refer to <<show_marks>> if you don't want marks to be shown in the window decoration.
2390 ----------------------------------------------
2391 mark [--add|--replace] [--toggle] <identifier>
2392 [con_mark="identifier"] focus
2394 ----------------------------------------------
2396 *Example (in a terminal)*:
2397 ---------------------------------------------------------
2398 # marks the focused container
2401 # focus the container with the mark "irssi"
2402 '[con_mark="irssi"] focus'
2404 # remove the mark "irssi" from whichever container has it
2407 # remove all marks on all firefox windows
2408 [class="(?i)firefox"] unmark
2409 ---------------------------------------------------------
2411 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2412 TODO: make i3-input replace %s
2414 ---------------------------------------
2415 # Read 1 character and mark the current window with this character
2416 bindsym $mod+m exec i3-input -F 'mark %s' -l 1 -P 'Mark: '
2418 # Read 1 character and go to the window with the character
2419 bindsym $mod+g exec i3-input -F '[con_mark="%s"] focus' -l 1 -P 'Goto: '
2420 ---------------------------------------
2422 Alternatively, if you do not want to mess with +i3-input+, you could create
2423 separate bindings for a specific set of labels and then only use those labels.
2424 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
2427 === Window title format
2429 By default, i3 will simply print the X11 window title. Using +title_format+,
2430 this can be customized by setting the format to the desired output. This
2432 https://developer.gnome.org/pango/stable/PangoMarkupFormat.html[Pango markup]
2433 and the following placeholders which will be replaced:
2436 For normal windows, this is the X11 window title (_NET_WM_NAME or WM_NAME
2437 as fallback). When used on containers without a window (e.g., a split
2438 container inside a tabbed/stacked layout), this will be the tree
2439 representation of the container (e.g., "H[xterm xterm]").
2441 The X11 window class (second part of WM_CLASS). This corresponds to the
2442 +class+ criterion, see <<command_criteria>>.
2444 The X11 window instance (first part of WM_CLASS). This corresponds to the
2445 +instance+ criterion, see <<command_criteria>>.
2447 Using the <<for_window>> directive, you can set the title format for any window
2448 based on <<command_criteria>>.
2451 ---------------------
2452 title_format <format>
2453 ---------------------
2456 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2457 # give the focused window a prefix
2458 bindsym $mod+p title_format "Important | %title"
2460 # print all window titles bold
2461 for_window [class=".*"] title_format "<b>%title</b>"
2463 # print window titles of firefox windows red
2464 for_window [class="(?i)firefox"] title_format "<span foreground='red'>%title</span>"
2465 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2467 === Changing border style
2469 To change the border of the current client, you can use +border normal+ to use the normal
2470 border (including window title), +border pixel 1+ to use a 1-pixel border (no window title)
2471 and +border none+ to make the client borderless.
2473 There is also +border toggle+ which will toggle the different border styles.
2475 Note that "pixel" refers to logical pixel. On HiDPI displays, a logical pixel
2476 may be represented by multiple physical pixels, so +pixel 1+ might not
2477 necessarily translate into a single pixel row wide border.
2480 -----------------------------------------------
2481 border normal|pixel [<n>]
2484 # legacy syntax, equivalent to "border pixel 1"
2486 -----------------------------------------------
2489 ----------------------------------------------
2490 # use window title, but no border
2491 bindsym $mod+t border normal 0
2492 # use no window title and a thick border
2493 bindsym $mod+y border pixel 3
2494 # use neither window title nor border
2495 bindsym $mod+u border none
2496 ----------------------------------------------
2499 === Enabling shared memory logging
2501 As described in https://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html, i3 can log to a shared
2502 memory buffer, which you can dump using +i3-dump-log+. The +shmlog+ command
2503 allows you to enable or disable the shared memory logging at runtime.
2505 Note that when using +shmlog <size_in_bytes>+, the current log will be
2506 discarded and a new one will be started.
2509 ------------------------------
2510 shmlog <size_in_bytes>
2511 shmlog on|off|toggle
2512 ------------------------------
2516 # Enable/disable logging
2517 bindsym $mod+x shmlog toggle
2519 # or, from a terminal:
2520 # increase the shared memory log buffer to 50 MiB
2521 i3-msg shmlog $((50*1024*1024))
2524 === Enabling debug logging
2526 The +debuglog+ command allows you to enable or disable debug logging at
2527 runtime. Debug logging is much more verbose than non-debug logging. This
2528 command does not activate shared memory logging (shmlog), and as such is most
2529 likely useful in combination with the above-described <<shmlog>> command.
2532 ----------------------
2533 debuglog on|off|toggle
2534 ----------------------
2537 ------------------------
2538 # Enable/disable logging
2539 bindsym $mod+x debuglog toggle
2540 ------------------------
2542 === Reloading/Restarting/Exiting
2544 You can make i3 reload its configuration file with +reload+. You can also
2545 restart i3 inplace with the +restart+ command to get it out of some weird state
2546 (if that should ever happen) or to perform an upgrade without having to restart
2547 your X session. To exit i3 properly, you can use the +exit+ command,
2548 however you don’t need to (simply killing your X session is fine as well).
2551 ----------------------------
2552 bindsym $mod+Shift+r restart
2553 bindsym $mod+Shift+w reload
2554 bindsym $mod+Shift+e exit
2555 ----------------------------
2559 There are two commands to use any existing window as scratchpad window. +move
2560 scratchpad+ will move a window to the scratchpad workspace. This will make it
2561 invisible until you show it again. There is no way to open that workspace.
2562 Instead, when using +scratchpad show+, the window will be shown again, as a
2563 floating window, centered on your current workspace (using +scratchpad show+ on
2564 a visible scratchpad window will make it hidden again, so you can have a
2565 keybinding to toggle). Note that this is just a normal floating window, so if
2566 you want to "remove it from scratchpad", you can simple make it tiling again
2567 (+floating toggle+).
2569 As the name indicates, this is useful for having a window with your favorite
2570 editor always at hand. However, you can also use this for other permanently
2571 running applications which you don’t want to see all the time: Your music
2572 player, alsamixer, maybe even your mail client…?
2582 ------------------------------------------------
2583 # Make the currently focused window a scratchpad
2584 bindsym $mod+Shift+minus move scratchpad
2586 # Show the first scratchpad window
2587 bindsym $mod+minus scratchpad show
2589 # Show the sup-mail scratchpad window, if any.
2590 bindsym mod4+s [title="^Sup ::"] scratchpad show
2591 ------------------------------------------------
2595 There is a no operation command +nop+ which allows you to override default
2596 behavior. This can be useful for, e.g., disabling a focus change on clicks with
2597 the middle mouse button.
2599 The optional +comment+ argument is ignored, but will be printed to the log file
2600 for debugging purposes.
2608 ----------------------------------------------
2609 # Disable focus change for clicks on titlebars
2610 # with the middle mouse button
2612 ----------------------------------------------
2616 There are two options in the configuration of each i3bar instance that can be
2617 changed during runtime by invoking a command through i3. The commands +bar
2618 hidden_state+ and +bar mode+ allow setting the current hidden_state
2619 respectively mode option of each bar. It is also possible to toggle between
2620 hide state and show state as well as between dock mode and hide mode. Each
2621 i3bar instance can be controlled individually by specifying a bar_id, if none
2622 is given, the command is executed for all bar instances.
2626 bar hidden_state hide|show|toggle [<bar_id>]
2628 bar mode dock|hide|invisible|toggle [<bar_id>]
2632 ------------------------------------------------
2633 # Toggle between hide state and show state
2634 bindsym $mod+m bar hidden_state toggle
2636 # Toggle between dock mode and hide mode
2637 bindsym $mod+n bar mode toggle
2639 # Set the bar instance with id 'bar-1' to switch to hide mode
2640 bindsym $mod+b bar mode hide bar-1
2642 # Set the bar instance with id 'bar-1' to always stay hidden
2643 bindsym $mod+Shift+b bar mode invisible bar-1
2644 ------------------------------------------------
2647 == Multiple monitors
2649 As you can see in the goal list on the website, i3 was specifically developed
2650 with support for multiple monitors in mind. This section will explain how to
2651 handle multiple monitors.
2653 When you have only one monitor, things are simple. You usually start with
2654 workspace 1 on your monitor and open new ones as you need them.
2656 When you have more than one monitor, each monitor will get an initial
2657 workspace. The first monitor gets 1, the second gets 2 and a possible third
2658 would get 3. When you switch to a workspace on a different monitor, i3 will
2659 switch to that monitor and then switch to the workspace. This way, you don’t
2660 need shortcuts to switch to a specific monitor, and you don’t need to remember
2661 where you put which workspace. New workspaces will be opened on the currently
2662 active monitor. It is not possible to have a monitor without a workspace.
2664 The idea of making workspaces global is based on the observation that most
2665 users have a very limited set of workspaces on their additional monitors.
2666 They are often used for a specific task (browser, shell) or for monitoring
2667 several things (mail, IRC, syslog, …). Thus, using one workspace on one monitor
2668 and "the rest" on the other monitors often makes sense. However, as you can
2669 create an unlimited number of workspaces in i3 and tie them to specific
2670 screens, you can have the "traditional" approach of having X workspaces per
2671 screen by changing your configuration (using modes, for example).
2673 === Configuring your monitors
2675 To help you get going if you have never used multiple monitors before, here is
2676 a short overview of the xrandr options which will probably be of interest to
2677 you. It is always useful to get an overview of the current screen configuration.
2678 Just run "xrandr" and you will get an output like the following:
2679 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2681 Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1280 x 800, maximum 8192 x 8192
2682 VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)
2683 LVDS1 connected 1280x800+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
2684 1280x800 60.0*+ 50.0
2685 1024x768 85.0 75.0 70.1 60.0
2687 800x600 85.1 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
2688 640x480 85.0 72.8 75.0 59.9
2692 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2694 Several things are important here: You can see that +LVDS1+ is connected (of
2695 course, it is the internal flat panel) but +VGA1+ is not. If you have a monitor
2696 connected to one of the ports but xrandr still says "disconnected", you should
2697 check your cable, monitor or graphics driver.
2699 The maximum resolution you can see at the end of the first line is the maximum
2700 combined resolution of your monitors. By default, it is usually too low and has
2701 to be increased by editing +/etc/X11/xorg.conf+.
2703 So, say you connected VGA1 and want to use it as an additional screen:
2704 -------------------------------------------
2705 xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --left-of LVDS1
2706 -------------------------------------------
2707 This command makes xrandr try to find the native resolution of the device
2708 connected to +VGA1+ and configures it to the left of your internal flat panel.
2709 When running "xrandr" again, the output looks like this:
2710 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2712 Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 2560 x 1024, maximum 8192 x 8192
2713 VGA1 connected 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 338mm x 270mm
2714 1280x1024 60.0*+ 75.0
2717 1024x768 75.1 70.1 60.0
2719 800x600 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
2720 640x480 72.8 75.0 66.7 60.0
2722 LVDS1 connected 1280x800+1280+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
2723 1280x800 60.0*+ 50.0
2724 1024x768 85.0 75.0 70.1 60.0
2726 800x600 85.1 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
2727 640x480 85.0 72.8 75.0 59.9
2731 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2732 Please note that i3 uses exactly the same API as xrandr does, so it will see
2733 only what you can see in xrandr.
2735 See also <<presentations>> for more examples of multi-monitor setups.
2737 === Interesting configuration for multi-monitor environments
2739 There are several things to configure in i3 which may be interesting if you
2740 have more than one monitor:
2742 1. You can specify which workspace should be put on which screen. This
2743 allows you to have a different set of workspaces when starting than just
2744 1 for the first monitor, 2 for the second and so on. See
2745 <<workspace_screen>>.
2746 2. If you want some applications to generally open on the bigger screen
2747 (MPlayer, Firefox, …), you can assign them to a specific workspace, see
2748 <<assign_workspace>>.
2749 3. If you have many workspaces on many monitors, it might get hard to keep
2750 track of which window you put where. Thus, you can use vim-like marks to
2751 quickly switch between windows. See <<vim_like_marks>>.
2752 4. For information on how to move existing workspaces between monitors,
2753 see <<move_to_outputs>>.
2755 == i3 and the rest of your software world
2757 === Displaying a status line
2759 A very common thing amongst users of exotic window managers is a status line at
2760 some corner of the screen. It is an often superior replacement to the widget
2761 approach you have in the task bar of a traditional desktop environment.
2763 If you don’t already have your favorite way of generating such a status line
2764 (self-written scripts, conky, …), then i3status is the recommended tool for
2765 this task. It was written in C with the goal of using as few syscalls as
2766 possible to reduce the time your CPU is woken up from sleep states. Because
2767 i3status only spits out text, you need to combine it with some other tool, like
2768 i3bar. See <<status_command>> for how to display i3status in i3bar.
2770 Regardless of which application you use to display the status line, you
2771 want to make sure that it registers as a dock window using EWMH hints. i3 will
2772 position the window either at the top or at the bottom of the screen, depending
2773 on which hint the application sets. With i3bar, you can configure its position,
2774 see <<i3bar_position>>.
2777 === Giving presentations (multi-monitor)
2779 When giving a presentation, you typically want the audience to see what you see
2780 on your screen and then go through a series of slides (if the presentation is
2781 simple). For more complex presentations, you might want to have some notes
2782 which only you can see on your screen, while the audience can only see the
2785 ==== Case 1: everybody gets the same output
2786 This is the simple case. You connect your computer to the video projector,
2787 turn on both (computer and video projector) and configure your X server to
2788 clone the internal flat panel of your computer to the video output:
2789 -----------------------------------------------------
2790 xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --same-as LVDS1
2791 -----------------------------------------------------
2792 i3 will then use the lowest common subset of screen resolutions, the rest of
2793 your screen will be left untouched (it will show the X background). So, in
2794 our example, this would be 1024x768 (my notebook has 1280x800).
2796 ==== Case 2: you can see more than your audience
2797 This case is a bit harder. First of all, you should configure the VGA output
2798 somewhere near your internal flat panel, say right of it:
2799 -----------------------------------------------------
2800 xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --right-of LVDS1
2801 -----------------------------------------------------
2802 Now, i3 will put a new workspace (depending on your settings) on the new screen
2803 and you are in multi-monitor mode (see <<multi_monitor>>).
2805 Because i3 is not a compositing window manager, there is no ability to
2806 display a window on two screens at the same time. Instead, your presentation
2807 software needs to do this job (that is, open a window on each screen).