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18 \section*{GNU Free Documentation License}
19 \index[general]{GNU Free Documentation License}
20 \index[general]{License!GNU Free Documentation}
21 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{GNU Free Documentation License}
27 Version 1.2, November 2002
30 Copyright \copyright 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
34 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
38 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
39 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
47 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
48 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
49 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
50 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
51 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
52 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
53 for modifications made by others.
55 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
56 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
57 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
58 license designed for free software.
60 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
61 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
62 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
63 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
64 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
65 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
66 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
70 {\Large\bf 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS}
71 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS}
74 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
75 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
76 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
77 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
78 work under the conditions stated herein. The \textbf{"Document"}, below,
79 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
80 licensee, and is addressed as \textbf{"you"}. You accept the license if you
81 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
84 A \textbf{"Modified Version"} of the Document means any work containing the
85 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
86 modifications and/or translated into another language.
88 A \textbf{"Secondary Section"} is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
89 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
90 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
91 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
92 within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
93 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
94 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
95 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
96 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
99 The \textbf{"Invariant Sections"} are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
100 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
101 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
102 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
103 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
104 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
105 Sections then there are none.
107 The \textbf{"Cover Texts"} are certain short passages of text that are listed,
108 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
109 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
110 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
112 A \textbf{"Transparent"} copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
113 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
114 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
115 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
116 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
117 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
118 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
119 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
120 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
121 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
122 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
123 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called \textbf{"Opaque"}.
125 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
126 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
127 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
128 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
129 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
130 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
131 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
132 processing tools are not generally available, and the
133 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
134 processors for output purposes only.
136 The \textbf{"Title Page"} means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
137 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
138 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
139 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
140 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
141 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
143 A section \textbf{"Entitled XYZ"} means a named subunit of the Document whose
144 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
145 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
146 specific section name mentioned below, such as \textbf{"Acknowledgements"},
147 \textbf{"Dedications"}, \textbf{"Endorsements"}, or \textbf{"History"}.)
148 To \textbf{"Preserve the Title"}
149 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
150 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
152 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
153 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
154 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
155 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
156 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
157 no effect on the meaning of this License.
161 {\Large\bf 2. VERBATIM COPYING}
162 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{2. VERBATIM COPYING}
165 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
166 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
167 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
168 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
169 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
170 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
171 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
172 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
173 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
175 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
176 you may publicly display copies.
180 {\Large\bf 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY}
181 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{3. COPYING IN QUANTITY}
185 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
186 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
187 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
188 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
189 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
190 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
191 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
192 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
193 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
194 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
195 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
196 as verbatim copying in other respects.
198 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
199 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
200 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
203 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
204 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
205 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
206 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
207 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
208 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
209 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
210 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
211 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
212 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
213 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
214 edition to the public.
216 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
217 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
218 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
222 {\Large\bf 4. MODIFICATIONS}
223 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{4. MODIFICATIONS}
226 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
227 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
228 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
229 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
230 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
231 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
235 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
236 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
237 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
238 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
239 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
242 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
243 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
244 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
245 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
246 unless they release you from this requirement.
249 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
250 Modified Version, as the publisher.
253 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
256 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
257 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
260 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
261 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
262 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
265 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
266 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
269 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
272 Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
273 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
274 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
275 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
276 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
277 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
278 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
281 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
282 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
283 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
284 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
285 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
286 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
287 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
290 For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
291 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
292 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
293 and/or dedications given therein.
296 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
297 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
298 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
301 Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
302 may not be included in the Modified Version.
305 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
306 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
309 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
312 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
313 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
314 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
315 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
316 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
317 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
319 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
320 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
321 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
322 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
325 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
326 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
327 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
328 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
329 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
330 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
331 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
332 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
333 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
335 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
336 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
337 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
341 {\Large\bf 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS}
342 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS}
346 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
347 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
348 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
349 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
350 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
351 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
353 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
354 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
355 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
356 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
357 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
358 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
359 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
360 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
362 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
363 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
364 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
365 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
366 Entitled "Endorsements".
369 {\Large\bf 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS}
370 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS}
373 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
374 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
375 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
376 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
377 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
379 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
380 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
381 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
382 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
386 {\Large\bf 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS}
387 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS}
391 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
392 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
393 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
394 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
395 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
396 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
397 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
398 derivative works of the Document.
400 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
401 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
402 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
403 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
404 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
405 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
410 {\Large\bf 8. TRANSLATION}
411 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{8. TRANSLATION}
415 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
416 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
417 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
418 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
419 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
420 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
421 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
422 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
423 the original English version of this License and the original versions
424 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
425 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
426 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
428 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
429 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
430 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
435 {\Large\bf 9. TERMINATION}
436 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{9. TERMINATION}
440 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
441 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
442 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
443 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
444 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
445 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
446 parties remain in full compliance.
450 {\Large\bf 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE}
451 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE}
455 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
456 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
457 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
458 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
459 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
461 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
462 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
463 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
464 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
465 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
466 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
467 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
468 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
472 {\Large\bf ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}
473 \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}
476 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
477 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
478 license notices just after the title page:
482 Copyright \copyright YEAR YOUR NAME.
483 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
484 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
485 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
486 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
487 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
488 Free Documentation License".
492 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
493 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
497 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
498 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
502 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
503 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
506 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
507 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
508 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
509 to permit their use in free software.
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