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[bacula/docs] / docs / manual / security.tex

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\chapter{Bacula Security Issues}
\label{SecurityChapter}
\index[general]{Bacula Security Issues}
\index[general]{Security}
\index[general]{Issues!Bacula Security}

\begin{itemize}
\item Security means being able to restore your files, so read the 
   \ilink{Critical Items Chapter}{Critical} of this manual.
\item The Clients ({\bf bacula-fd}) must run as root to be able to access  all
   the system files. 
\item It is not necessary to run the Director as root. 
\item It is not necessary to run the Storage daemon as root, but you  must
   ensure that it can open the tape drives, which are often restricted to root
   access by default. In addition, if you do not run the Storage daemon as root,
   it will not be able to automatically set your tape drive parameters on most
   OSes since these functions, unfortunately require root access.
\item You should restrict access to the Bacula configuration files,  so that
   the passwords are not world-readable. The {\bf Bacula}  daemons are password
   protected using CRAM-MD5 (i.e. the password is not  sent across the network).
   This will ensure that not everyone  can access the daemons. It is a reasonably
   good protection, but  can be cracked by experts. 
\item If you are using the recommended ports 9101, 9102, and 9103, you  will
   probably want to protect these ports from external access  using a firewall
   and/or using tcp wrappers ({\bf etc/hosts.allow}).  
\item By default, all data that is sent across the network is unencrypted.
   However, Bacula does support TLS (transport layer security) and can
   encrypt transmitted data.  Please read the
   \ilink{TLS (SSL) Communications Encryption}{CommEncryption}
   section of this manual.
\item You should ensure that the Bacula working directories are  readable and
   writable only by the Bacula daemons. 
\item If you are using {\bf MySQL} it is not necessary for it to  run with
   {\bf root} permission. 
\item The default Bacula {\bf grant-mysql-permissions} script  grants all
   permissions to use the MySQL database without a  password. If you want
   security, please tighten this up! 
\item Don't forget that Bacula is a network program, so anyone anywhere  on
   the network with the console program and the Director's password  can access
   Bacula and the backed up data. 
\item You can restrict what IP addresses Bacula will bind to by using the 
   appropriate {\bf DirAddress}, {\bf FDAddress}, or {\bf SDAddress}  records in
   the respective daemon configuration files. 
\item Be aware that if you are backing up your database using the default
   script, if you have a password on your database, it will be passed as
   a command line option to that script, and any user will be able to see
   this information. If you want it to be secure, you will need to pass it
   by an environment variable or a secure file.
\end{itemize}


\section{Backward Compatibility}
\index[general]{Backward Compatibility}
One of the major goals of Bacula is to ensure that you can restore
tapes (I'll use the word tape to include disk Volumes) that you wrote years
ago.  This means that each new version of Bacula should be able to read old
format tapes. The first problem you will have is to ensure that the 
hardware is still working some years down the road, and the second
problem will be to ensure that the media will still be good, then 
your OS must be able to interface to the device, and finally Bacula
must be able to recognize old formats.  All the problems except the
last are ones that we cannot solve, but by careful planning you can.

Since the very beginning of Bacula (January 2000) until today (December
2005), there have been two major Bacula tape formats.  The second format
was introduced in version 1.27 in November of 2002, and it has not
changed since then.  In principle, Bacula can still read the original
format, but I haven't tried it lately so who knows ...

Though the tape format is fixed, the kinds of data that we can put on the
tapes are extensible, and that is how we added new features
such as ACLs, Win32 data, encrypted data, ...  Obviously, an older
version of Bacula would not know how to read these newer data streams,
but each newer version of Bacula should know how to read all the 
older streams.

If you want to be 100% sure that you can read old tapes, you
should:

1. Try reading old tapes from time to time -- e.g. at least once
a year.

2. Keep statically linked copies of every version of Bacula that you use
in production then if for some reason, we botch up old tape compatibility, you
can always pull out an old copy of Bacula ...

The second point is probably overkill but if you want to be sure, it may
save you someday.



\label{wrappers}
\section{Configuring and Testing TCP Wrappers}
\index[general]{Configuring and Testing TCP Wrappers}
\index[general]{TCP Wrappers}
\index[general]{Wrappers!TCP}
\index[general]{libwrappers}

TCP Wrappers are implemented if you turn them on when configuring
({\bf ./configure \verb:--:with-tcp-wrappers}). 
With this code enabled, you may control who may access your
daemons.  This control is done by modifying the file: {\bf
/etc/hosts.allow}.  The program name that {\bf Bacula} uses when
applying these access restrictions is the name you specify in the
daemon configuration file (see below for examples).
You must not use the {\bf twist} option in your {\bf
/etc/hosts.allow} or it will terminate the Bacula daemon when a
connection is refused.

The exact name of the package you need loaded to build with TCP wrappers
depends on the system.  For example,
on SuSE, the TCP wrappers libraries needed to link Bacula are
contained in the tcpd-devel package. On Red Hat, the package is named
tcp\_wrappers.

Dan Langille has provided the following information on configuring and
testing TCP wrappers with Bacula. 

If you read hosts\_options(5), you will see an option called twist. This
option replaces the current process by an instance of the specified shell
command. Typically, something like this is used: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
ALL : ALL \
 : severity auth.info \
 : twist /bin/echo "You are not welcome to use %d from %h."
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

The libwrap code tries to avoid {\bf twist} if it runs in a resident process,
but that test will not protect the first hosts\_access() call. This will
result in the process (e.g. bacula-fd, bacula-sd, bacula-dir) being terminated
if the first connection to their port results in the twist option being
invoked. The potential, and I stress potential, exists for an attacker to
prevent the daemons from running. This situation is eliminated if your
/etc/hosts.allow file contains an appropriate rule set. The following example
is sufficient: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
undef-fd : localhost : allow
undef-sd : localhost : allow
undef-dir : localhost : allow
undef-fd : ALL : deny
undef-sd : ALL : deny
undef-dir : ALL : deny
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

You must adjust the names to be the same as the Name directives found
in each of the daemon configuration files. They are, in general, not the
same as the binary daemon names. It is not possible to use the 
daemon names because multiple daemons may be running on the same machine
but with different configurations.

In these examples, the Director is undef-dir, the
Storage Daemon is undef-sd, and the File Daemon is undef-fd. Adjust to suit
your situation. The above example rules assume that the SD, FD, and DIR all
reside on the same box. If you have a remote FD client, then the following
rule set on the remote client will suffice: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
undef-fd : director.example.org : allow
undef-fd : ALL : deny
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

where director.example.org is the host which will be contacting the client
(ie. the box on which the Bacula Director daemon runs). The use of "ALL :
deny" ensures that the twist option (if present) is not invoked. To properly
test your configuration, start the daemon(s), then attempt to connect from an
IP address which should be able to connect. You should see something like
this: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
$ telnet undef 9103
Trying 192.168.0.56...
Connected to undef.example.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
Connection closed by foreign host.
$
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

This is the correct response. If you see this: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
$ telnet undef 9103
Trying 192.168.0.56...
Connected to undef.example.org.
Escape character is '^]'.
You are not welcome to use undef-sd from xeon.example.org.
Connection closed by foreign host.
$
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

then twist has been invoked and your configuration is not correct and you need
to add the deny statement. It is important to note that your testing must
include restarting the daemons after each connection attempt. You can also
tcpdchk(8) and tcpdmatch(8) to validate your /etc/hosts.allow rules. Here is a
simple test using tcpdmatch: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
$ tcpdmatch undef-dir xeon.example.org
warning: undef-dir: no such process name in /etc/inetd.conf
client: hostname xeon.example.org
client: address 192.168.0.18
server: process undef-dir
matched: /etc/hosts.allow line 40
option: allow
access: granted
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

If you are running Bacula as a standalone daemon, the warning above can be
safely ignored. Here is an example which indicates that your rules are missing
a deny statement and the twist option has been invoked. 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
$ tcpdmatch undef-dir 10.0.0.1
warning: undef-dir: no such process name in /etc/inetd.conf
client: address 10.0.0.1
server: process undef-dir
matched: /etc/hosts.allow line 91
option: severity auth.info
option: twist /bin/echo "You are not welcome to use
  undef-dir from 10.0.0.1."
access: delegated
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

\section{Running as non-root}
\index[general]{Running as non-root }

Security advice from Dan Langille: 
% TODO: don't use specific name

% TODO: don't be too specific on operating system

% TODO: maybe remove personalization?

It is a good idea to run daemons with the lowest possible privileges.  In
other words, if you can, don't run applications as root which do  not have to
be root.  The Storage Daemon and the Director Daemon do not need to be root.
The  File Daemon needs to be root in order to access all files on your system.
In order to run as non-root, you need to create a user and a group.  Choosing
{\tt bacula} as both the user name and the group name sounds like a good idea
to me.  

The FreeBSD port creates this user and group for you.
Here is what those entries looked like on my FreeBSD laptop: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
bacula:*:1002:1002::0:0:Bacula Daemon:/var/db/bacula:/sbin/nologin
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

I used vipw to create this entry. I selected a User ID and Group ID  of 1002
as they were unused on my system.  

I also created a group in /etc/group:  

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
bacula:*:1002:
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

The bacula user (as opposed to the Bacula daemon) will have a home  directory
of {\tt /var/db/bacula} which is the  default location for the Bacula
database.  

Now that you have both a bacula user and a bacula group, you can  secure the
bacula home directory by issuing this command: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
chown -R bacula:bacula /var/db/bacula/
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

This ensures that only the bacula user can access this directory.  It also
means that if we run the Director and the Storage daemon  as bacula, those
daemons also have restricted access. This would not be  the case if they were
running as root.  

It is important to note that the storage daemon actually needs  to be in the
operator group for normal access to tape drives etc (at  least on a FreeBSD
system, that's how things are set up by default)  Such devices are normally
chown root:operator. It is easier and less  error prone  to make Bacula a
member of that group than it is to play around  with system permissions. 

Starting the Bacula daemons 

To start the bacula daemons on a FreeBSD system, issue the following command: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
/usr/local/etc/rc.d/bacula.sh start
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize

To confirm they are all running: 

\footnotesize
\begin{verbatim}
$ ps auwx | grep bacula
root\ 63416\ 0.0\ 0.3\ 2040 1172\ ??\ Ss\ 4:09PM 0:00.01
    /usr/local/sbin/bacula-sd -v -c /usr/local/etc/bacula-sd.conf
root\ 63418\ 0.0\ 0.3\ 1856 1036\ ??\ Ss\ 4:09PM 0:00.00
    /usr/local/sbin/bacula-fd -v -c /usr/local/etc/bacula-fd.conf
root\ 63422\ 0.0\ 0.4\ 2360 1440\ ??\ Ss\ 4:09PM 0:00.00
    /usr/local/sbin/bacula-dir -v -c /usr/local/etc/bacula-dir.conf
\end{verbatim}
\normalsize