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\chapter{GNU General Public License}
\label{GplChapter}
\index[general]{GNU General Public License }
\index[general]{License!GNU General Public }
\elink{\includegraphics{philosophical-gnu-sm}}
{http://www.gnu.org/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html}

\begin{bsysitemize}
\item
   \elink{What to do if you see a possible GPL violation}{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-violation.html}
\item
   \elink{Translations of the
   GPL}{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html\#translations}
\end{bsysitemize}


%\section{Table of Contents}
\minitoc
\index[general]{GPL!Table of Contents }
\index[general]{Contents!GPL Table of }

%% \begin{bsysitemize}
%% \item
%%    \label{TOC1}
%%    \ilink{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}{SEC1}
%% \begin{bsysitemize}
%% \item
%%    \label{TOC2}
%%    \ilink{Preamble}{SEC2}
%% \item
%%    \label{TOC3}
%%    \ilink{TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND
%% MODIFICATION}{SEC3}
%% \item
%%    \label{TOC4}
%%    \ilink{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs}{SEC4}
%% \end{bsysitemize}
%% \end{bsysitemize}


\section*{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}
\label{SEC1}
\index[general]{GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE}
\index[general]{LICENSE!GNU GENERAL PUBLIC}

Version 2, June 1991

\begin{verbatim}
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
\end{verbatim}

\section{Preamble}
\label{SEC2}
\index[general]{Preamble }

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share
and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to
guarantee your freedom to share and change free software\lstinline:--:to make sure the
software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to
most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose
authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is
covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it
to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our
General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to
distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish),
that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change
the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you
can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to
deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute
copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for
a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must
make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must
show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)
offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the
software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to
know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced
by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We
wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary.
To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for
everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
follow.

\section{TERMS AND CONDITIONS}
\label{SEC3}
\index[general]{CONDITIONS!TERMS AND }
\index[general]{TERMS AND CONDITIONS }

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

{\bf 0.} This License applies to any program or other work which contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the
terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any
such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the
Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work
containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter,
translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each
licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered
by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is
not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its
contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been
made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program
does.

{\bf 1.} You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License
and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the
Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may
at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

{\bf 2.} You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such
modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you
also meet all of these conditions:

\begin{bsysitemize}
\item {\bf a)} You must cause the modified files to carry prominent  notices
   stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

\item {\bf b)} You must cause any work that you distribute or  publish, that
   in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or  any part
   thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties  under
   the terms of this License.

\item {\bf c)} If the modified program normally reads commands  interactively
   when run, you must cause it, when started running for such  interactive use in
   the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement  including an
   appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no  warranty (or else,
   saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may  redistribute the
   program under these conditions, and telling the user how to  view a copy of
   this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive  but does not
   normally print such an announcement, your work based on the  Program is not
   required to print an announcement.)
\end{bsysitemize}

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably
considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License,
and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as
separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole
which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on
the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your
rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the
right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with
the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.

{\bf 3.} You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under
Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and
2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

\begin{bsysitemize}
\item {\bf a)} Accompany it with the complete corresponding  machine-readable
   source code, which must be distributed under the terms of  Sections 1 and 2
   above on a medium customarily used for software interchange;  or,

\item {\bf b)} Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least  three
   years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of
   physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of
   the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections
   1  and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

\item {\bf c)} Accompany it with the information you received as to  the offer
   to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is  allowed only
   for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the  program in object
   code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with  Subsection b
   above.)
\end{bsysitemize}

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making
modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all
the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and
installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source
code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in
either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and
so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that
component itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to
copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the
source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code,
even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the
object code.

{\bf 4.} You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who
have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have
their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

{\bf 5.} You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute
the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if
you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the
Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of
this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

{\bf 6.} Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original
licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and
conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients'
exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing
compliance by third parties to this License.

{\bf 7.} If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise)
that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from
the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy
simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all.
For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution
of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through
you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any
particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and
the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or
other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this
section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software
distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many
people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software
distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to
distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that
choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a
consequence of the rest of this License.

{\bf 8.} If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original
copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit
geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that
distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In
such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body
of this License.

{\bf 9.} The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be
similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address
new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later
version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

{\bf 10.} If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to
ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make
exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of
preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of
promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

{\bf NO WARRANTY}

{\bf 11.} BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE
THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM
PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR
CORRECTION.

{\bf 12.} IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR
THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

\section{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs}
\label{SEC4}
\index[general]{Programs!How to Apply These Terms to Your New }
\index[general]{How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs }

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible
use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software
which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach
them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion
of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a
pointer to where the full notice is found.

\begin{verbatim}
{\em one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
Copyright (C) {\em yyyy}  {\em name of author}
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
02110-1301  USA
\end{verbatim}

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it
starts in an interactive mode:

\begin{verbatim}
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) {\em year} {\em name of author}
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
\end{verbatim}

The hypothetical commands {\tt `show w'} and {\tt `show c'} should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you
use may be called something other than {\tt `show w'} and {\tt `show c'}; they
could even be mouse-clicks or menu items\lstinline:--:whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

\begin{verbatim}
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.
{\em signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
\end{verbatim}

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public
License instead of this License.
Return to
\elink{GNU's home page}{http://www.gnu.org/home.html}.

FSF \& GNU inquiries \& questions to
\elink{gnu@gnu.org}{mailto:gnu@gnu.org}. Other
\elink{ways to contact}{http://www.gnu.org/home.html\#ContactInfo} the FSF.

Comments on these web pages to
\elink{webmasters@www.gnu.org}{mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org}, send other
questions to
\elink{gnu@gnu.org}{mailto:gnu@gnu.org}.

Copyright notice above.
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor,
Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA

Updated: 3 Jan 2000 rms